Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation

IF 2.1 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI:10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100516

Shilan Muhammad Abdulla , Ramin Aslani , Mohammad Hasan Zarghi , Saeid Yousefi , Nabi Shariatifar , Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee , Ayub Ebadi Fathabad

{"title":"Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation","authors":"Shilan Muhammad Abdulla , Ramin Aslani , Mohammad Hasan Zarghi , Saeid Yousefi , Nabi Shariatifar , Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee , Ayub Ebadi Fathabad","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100516","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present research was to examine the contents of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) in different beverage samples, including carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). Furthermore, the health risks associated with these preservatives in beverages were evaluated for adults and children using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean levels of SB in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices were 103.82 ± 25.02, 70.64 ± 14.29, and 77.86 ± 33.69 mg/L, respectively. The average concentration of PS in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices was <LOD, 22.92 ± 3.88, and 118.48 ± 34.96 mg/L, respectively. SB and PS levels in samples were within standard limits set by the Codex. The health risk assessment results indicate that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of SB and PS in all beverage samples were below one and acceptable. Considering our findings, it appears that SB and PS levels in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices are not associated with a safety risk to Iraqi consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 6","pages":"Article 100516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of food protection","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000687","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The objective of the present research was to examine the contents of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) in different beverage samples, including carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). Furthermore, the health risks associated with these preservatives in beverages were evaluated for adults and children using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean levels of SB in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices were 103.82 ± 25.02, 70.64 ± 14.29, and 77.86 ± 33.69 mg/L, respectively. The average concentration of PS in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices was <LOD, 22.92 ± 3.88, and 118.48 ± 34.96 mg/L, respectively. SB and PS levels in samples were within standard limits set by the Codex. The health risk assessment results indicate that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of SB and PS in all beverage samples were below one and acceptable. Considering our findings, it appears that SB and PS levels in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices are not associated with a safety risk to Iraqi consumers.

查看原文本刊更多论文

伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区苏莱曼尼亚某些饮料中的苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾：蒙特卡罗模拟的健康风险评估研究

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器（HPLC-UV）对伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区苏莱曼尼亚的碳酸软饮料、功能饮料和果汁等饮料样品中苯甲酸钠（SB）和山梨酸钾（PS）的含量进行了测定。此外，还利用蒙特卡洛模拟对成人和儿童进行了与饮料中这些防腐剂相关的健康风险评估。碳酸软饮料、功能饮料和果汁中SB的平均含量分别为103.82±25.02、70.64±14.29和77.86±33.69 mg/L。碳酸软饮料、功能饮料和果汁中PS的平均LOD分别为22.92±3.88和118.48±34.96 mg/L。样品中的SB和PS含量在食品法典规定的标准范围内。健康风险评价结果表明，所有饮料样品中SB和PS的危害商（HQ）值均在1以下，可接受。考虑到我们的研究结果，碳酸软饮料、能量饮料和果汁中的SB和PS含量似乎与伊拉克消费者的安全风险无关。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of food protection 工程技术-生物工程与应用微生物

CiteScore

4.20

自引率

5.00%

发文量

296

审稿时长

2.5 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Food Protection® (JFP) is an international, monthly scientific journal in the English language published by the International Association for Food Protection (IAFP). JFP publishes research and review articles on all aspects of food protection and safety. Major emphases of JFP are placed on studies dealing with: Tracking, detecting (including traditional, molecular, and real-time), inactivating, and controlling food-related hazards, including microorganisms (including antibiotic resistance), microbial (mycotoxins, seafood toxins) and non-microbial toxins (heavy metals, pesticides, veterinary drug residues, migrants from food packaging, and processing contaminants), allergens and pests (insects, rodents) in human food, pet food and animal feed throughout the food chain; Microbiological food quality and traditional/novel methods to assay microbiological food quality; Prevention of food-related hazards and food spoilage through food preservatives and thermal/non-thermal processes, including process validation; Food fermentations and food-related probiotics; Safe food handling practices during pre-harvest, harvest, post-harvest, distribution and consumption, including food safety education for retailers, foodservice, and consumers; Risk assessments for food-related hazards; Economic impact of food-related hazards, foodborne illness, food loss, food spoilage, and adulterated foods; Food fraud, food authentication, food defense, and foodborne disease outbreak investigations.