Consanguineous Marriages and Child Ever Born—The Moderating Role of Working Women

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI:10.1002/ajhb.70043

Muhammad Usman Saleem, Abdul Ghani Khatir, Athar Ali Shah, Quanbao Jiang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective

This study aims to investigate the relationship between consanguineous marriages and children ever born (CEB) in Pakistan and the moderating effect of working women in the relationship between consanguineous marriages and CEB. Furthermore, decomposition analysis was used to find out the factors that influence the likelihood of the child ever born.

Method

Data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey were utilized, which was conducted between 2017 and 2018. The sample includes 15 671 households, with 63.8% reporting consanguineous marriages. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was employed to check the association between consanguineous marriages and children ever born, followed by the moderating role of working women in the relationship between them, and multivariate decomposition analysis was used to find out factors that influence the likelihood of CEB.

Results

Our results show that consanguineous marriages significantly increase fertility (AIRR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.034–1.076). While working women initially exhibit higher fertility in the bivariate model, this effect diminishes in the multivariate model (AIRR = 0.986, 95% CI: 0.960–1.013). Second-cousin marriages are associated with higher fertility (AIRR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.009–1.042), and husband's education reduces fertility (AIRR = 0.767, 95% CI: 0.746–0.787). Rural residence and regions like Balochistan and FATA show higher fertility rates. Decomposition analysis reveals that working women slightly increase the CEB likelihood, while husbands' higher education and rural residence reduce it. Female children and having the last child alive lower CEB. Age, region, and education significantly influence fertility, with notable regional disparities across Pakistan.

Conclusion

Our finding suggests that consanguineous marriages and working women are positively associated with CEB. The findings suggest several policy implications and recommendations for government and policymakers, including family planning initiatives, educational campaigns, and informed family planning decisions. However, the study's cross-sectional design limits its ability to infer causality. Future research using longitudinal data is recommended for more accurate predictions.

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近亲婚姻与生育——职业女性的调节作用

目的本研究旨在探讨巴基斯坦近亲婚姻与未出生子女（CEB）的关系，以及职业妇女在近亲婚姻与未出生子女（CEB）关系中的调节作用。此外，采用分解分析找出影响孩子出生可能性的因素。方法利用2017 - 2018年巴基斯坦人口与健康调查数据。样本包括15671个家庭，63.8%的家庭报告近亲结婚。采用零膨胀负二项回归检验近亲婚姻与生育子女的关系，进而考察职业女性在两者关系中的调节作用，并采用多变量分解分析找出影响CEB发生可能性的因素。结果近亲婚姻显著提高了生育能力（AIRR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.034 ~ 1.076）。虽然在双变量模型中，职业女性最初表现出较高的生育能力，但在多变量模型中，这种效应减弱（AIRR = 0.986, 95% CI: 0.960-1.013）。远房表亲婚姻与较高的生育率相关（AIRR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.009-1.042），丈夫的受教育程度降低生育率（AIRR = 0.767, 95% CI: 0.746-0.787）。农村居民和俾路支省和联邦直辖部落等地区的生育率更高。分解分析表明，职业女性轻微增加了CEB的可能性，而丈夫的高学历和农村居住则降低了CEB的可能性。女性孩子和最后一个孩子活着较低的CEB。年龄、地区和教育程度显著影响生育率，巴基斯坦各地存在显著的地区差异。结论近亲婚姻和职业女性与CEB呈正相关。研究结果为政府和决策者提出了若干政策启示和建议，包括计划生育倡议、教育运动和知情的计划生育决策。然而，该研究的横断面设计限制了其推断因果关系的能力。建议今后使用纵向数据进行研究，以获得更准确的预测。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

American Journal of Human Biology 生物-生物学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

13.80%

发文量

124

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： The American Journal of Human Biology is the Official Journal of the Human Biology Association. The American Journal of Human Biology is a bimonthly, peer-reviewed, internationally circulated journal that publishes reports of original research, theoretical articles and timely reviews, and brief communications in the interdisciplinary field of human biology. As the official journal of the Human Biology Association, the Journal also publishes abstracts of research presented at its annual scientific meeting and book reviews relevant to the field. The Journal seeks scholarly manuscripts that address all aspects of human biology, health, and disease, particularly those that stress comparative, developmental, ecological, or evolutionary perspectives. The transdisciplinary areas covered in the Journal include, but are not limited to, epidemiology, genetic variation, population biology and demography, physiology, anatomy, nutrition, growth and aging, physical performance, physical activity and fitness, ecology, and evolution, along with their interactions. The Journal publishes basic, applied, and methodologically oriented research from all areas, including measurement, analytical techniques and strategies, and computer applications in human biology. Like many other biologically oriented disciplines, the field of human biology has undergone considerable growth and diversification in recent years, and the expansion of the aims and scope of the Journal is a reflection of this growth and membership diversification. The Journal is committed to prompt review, and priority publication is given to manuscripts with novel or timely findings, and to manuscripts of unusual interest.