Characterization of Taurocholic Acid Binding With Insulin for Potential Oral Formulation Using Different Methods

IF 3 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS
ELECTROPHORESIS Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI:10.1002/elps.8139
Chang Sun, Shuanghao Wang, Huihui Li, David Da Yong Chen
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Abstract

In diabetes management, oral formulation of insulin (INS) has the potential to improve safety, convenience, and patient-centered care compared to subcutaneous injections. However, its bioavailability remains limited, necessitating improved delivery strategies. Recent clinical trials indicate that taurocholic acid (TCA) can enhance the bioavailability of oral INS as an absorption enhancer. In this work, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis revealed the formation of 1:1–1:4 INS–TCA complexes. MS/MS was used to explore the fragmentation pathway of complex ions and confirm binding stability in the gas phase. Circular dichroism spectra showed no clear conformational change in INS upon TCA binding, even though TCA enhanced INS's structural stability. Using Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA), we determined the diffusion coefficient and hydrodynamic radius of INS and its complexes. TCA binding was observed to increase INS size in both the 1:1 and 1:2 INS–TCA complexes. The binding constant of INS and TCA (1.3 × 103 L/mol) with approximately five binding sites was obtained via pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis. Molecular docking simulations indicated that TCA binds to external binding sites on the INS B chain (near Ser-B9, Glu-B13, and Phe-B24 residues), consistent with ESI-MS and TDA results. These findings suggest that TCA binding may enhance INS absorption and increase the bioavailability of oral INS therapy.

Abstract Image

不同方法表征牛磺胆酸与潜在口服制剂胰岛素的结合
在糖尿病管理中,与皮下注射相比,口服胰岛素制剂(INS)具有提高安全性、便利性和以患者为中心的护理的潜力。然而,它的生物利用度仍然有限,需要改进给药策略。最近的临床试验表明,牛磺胆酸(TCA)作为一种吸收促进剂可以提高口服INS的生物利用度。电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)分析表明,形成1:1-1:4的INS-TCA配合物。采用质谱联用(MS/MS)技术探索络合离子的裂解途径,确认其在气相中的结合稳定性。环二色光谱显示,尽管TCA增强了INS的结构稳定性,但结合后INS的构象没有明显变化。利用Taylor色散分析(TDA)确定了INS及其配合物的扩散系数和水动力半径。在1:1和1:2的INS - TCA复合物中,观察到TCA的结合增加了INS的大小。通过压力辅助毛细管电泳正面分析获得了INS与TCA的结合常数(1.3 × 103 L/mol),约有5个结合位点。分子对接模拟表明,TCA与INS B链上的外部结合位点(靠近Ser-B9、Glu-B13和ph - b24残基)结合,与ESI-MS和TDA结果一致。这些发现表明,TCA结合可能会促进INS的吸收,提高口服INS治疗的生物利用度。
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来源期刊
ELECTROPHORESIS
ELECTROPHORESIS 生物-分析化学
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
13.80%
发文量
244
审稿时长
1.9 months
期刊介绍: ELECTROPHORESIS is an international journal that publishes original manuscripts on all aspects of electrophoresis, and liquid phase separations (e.g., HPLC, micro- and nano-LC, UHPLC, micro- and nano-fluidics, liquid-phase micro-extractions, etc.). Topics include new or improved analytical and preparative methods, sample preparation, development of theory, and innovative applications of electrophoretic and liquid phase separations methods in the study of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates natural products, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, environmental species and other compounds of importance to the life sciences. Papers in the areas of microfluidics and proteomics, which are not limited to electrophoresis-based methods, will also be accepted for publication. Contributions focused on hyphenated and omics techniques are also of interest. Proteomics is within the scope, if related to its fundamentals and new technical approaches. Proteomics applications are only considered in particular cases. Papers describing the application of standard electrophoretic methods will not be considered. Papers on nanoanalysis intended for publication in ELECTROPHORESIS should focus on one or more of the following topics: • Nanoscale electrokinetics and phenomena related to electric double layer and/or confinement in nano-sized geometry • Single cell and subcellular analysis • Nanosensors and ultrasensitive detection aspects (e.g., involving quantum dots, "nanoelectrodes" or nanospray MS) • Nanoscale/nanopore DNA sequencing (next generation sequencing) • Micro- and nanoscale sample preparation • Nanoparticles and cells analyses by dielectrophoresis • Separation-based analysis using nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanowires.
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