Surface and Subsurface Compound Marine Heatwave and Biogeochemical Extremes Under Climate Change

IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Natacha Le Grix, Friedrich A. Burger, Thomas L. Frölicher
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Abstract

Marine species are increasingly threatened by extreme and compound events, as warming, deoxygenation, and acidification unfold. Yet, the surface and especially the subsurface distribution and evolution of such compound events remain poorly understood. We present the current and projected distributions of compound marine heatwave (MHW), low oxygen (LOX), and high acidity (OAX) events throughout the water column, using observation-based data from 2004 to 2019 and large ensemble Earth system model simulations from 1890 to 2100. Our findings reveal that compound MHW-OAX and OAX-LOX events are prevalent in the low to mid latitudes at the ocean surface. At 200 and 600 m, MHW-OAX and MHW-LOX events are frequent in the high latitudes and parts of the tropics, while OAX-LOX events occur globally. Subsurface compound events are often associated with vertical displacements of water masses, with the climatological vertical gradients of ecosystem stressors typically explaining their occurrence patterns. Projections show a strong rise in compound event frequency over the historical period and under continued global warming, primarily driven by shifts in mean oceanic conditions. The portion of the top 2,000 m affected by extreme or compound events rises from 20 % $\%$ to 98 % $\%$ under 2°C of global warming in a high emissions scenario using a preindustrial baseline, and to 30 % $\%$ using a shifting-mean baseline. However, physical and biogeochemical changes may also lead to regional decreases in subsurface events, highlighting complexities in how warming, deoxygenation, and acidification unfold in the ocean interior. Increasing compound event frequency poses a major threat to marine ecosystems, potentially disrupting food webs and biodiversity.

Abstract Image

气候变化下表层和地下复合海洋热浪与生物地球化学极端事件
随着气候变暖、脱氧和酸化的展开,海洋物种正日益受到极端和复合事件的威胁。然而,这些复合事件的地表,特别是地下的分布和演化仍然知之甚少。我们利用2004年至2019年的观测数据和1890年至2100年的大集合地球系统模式模拟,给出了整个水柱中复合海洋热浪(MHW)、低氧(LOX)和高酸度(OAX)事件的当前和预测分布。我们的研究结果表明,复合MHW-OAX和OAX-LOX事件在低至中纬度海洋表面普遍存在。在200米和600米高度,mwh - oax和mwh - lox事件在高纬度地区和部分热带地区较为频繁,而OAX-LOX事件在全球范围内发生。地下复合事件通常与水团的垂直位移有关,生态系统压力源的气候垂直梯度通常可以解释其发生模式。预估显示,在历史时期和全球持续变暖的情况下,主要由平均海洋条件的变化所驱动的复合事件频率将大幅上升。在使用工业化前基线的高排放情景下,在全球变暖2°C的情况下,受极端或复合事件影响的前2000米的比例从20%上升到98%。使用移动平均基线达到30% $\%$。然而,物理和生物地球化学变化也可能导致地下事件的区域减少,突出了海洋内部变暖、脱氧和酸化如何展开的复杂性。复合事件频率的增加对海洋生态系统构成重大威胁,可能破坏食物网和生物多样性。
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来源期刊
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
8.90
自引率
7.70%
发文量
141
审稿时长
8-16 weeks
期刊介绍: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (GBC) features research on regional to global biogeochemical interactions, as well as more local studies that demonstrate fundamental implications for biogeochemical processing at regional or global scales. Published papers draw on a wide array of methods and knowledge and extend in time from the deep geologic past to recent historical and potential future interactions. This broad scope includes studies that elucidate human activities as interactive components of biogeochemical cycles and physical Earth Systems including climate. Authors are required to make their work accessible to a broad interdisciplinary range of scientists.
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