Comparison of household greywater sources and rainwater remediation on Mediterranean climate topsoils

IF 5.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES
Ailsa G. Hardie, Ncumisa Madubela, Eugene L. Lategan, Catherine E. Clarke
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Abstract

Reuse of greywater for irrigation has surged due to increasing urban freshwater scarcity. Greywater sources differ in ease and cost of reuse, with limited studies on the effects of irrigation with different sources on soil properties and subsequent rainwater remediation. Thus, this study compared the effect of four major household greywater sources (shower (SH), dishwasher (DW) and liquid and powdered laundry detergent (LLD and PLD)) on soil properties and rainwater remediation potential of two contrasting (albic Planosol (bleached) and Lixisol (rhodic)) topsoils under Mediterranean climate conditions. Summer irrigation with the greywater and tap water sources was simulated (370 mm) followed by winter rainfall simulation (370 mm). Soil chemical, physical and microbial properties were determined after each simulation. Irrigation with SH and LLD greywaters was least harmful to soil chemistry; however, LLD decreased soil infiltration rate by 48–53%, and SH resulted in hydrophobic crusting. Irrigation with PLD and DW greywater was most damaging, resulting in alkalisation, sodification and salinisation accompanied by soil structural degradation, decreasing infiltration by 85–100%. All treatments reduced soil bacterial diversity and species richness. Rain simulation was only able to reduce sodicity and salinity associated with PLD and DW application on the rhodic soil, as the clay fraction was more stable, permitting some infiltration. Therefore, PLD and DW greywaters should not be used directly for irrigation, especially on bleached soils, as this can halt rainwater percolation. Furthermore, use of less chemically harmful SH or LLD liquid greywaters could result in undesirable soil physical problems in the long term.

地中海气候表土家庭灰水源与雨水修复的比较
由于城市淡水日益稀缺,灰水用于灌溉的回用量激增。灰水来源在再利用的容易程度和成本上存在差异,关于不同来源的灌溉对土壤性质和随后的雨水修复的影响的研究有限。因此,本研究比较了地中海气候条件下四种主要家庭灰水源(淋浴(SH),洗碗机(DW)和液体和粉末洗衣液(LLD和PLD))对两种对比(白垩Planosol(漂白)和Lixisol(玫瑰色))表土的土壤性质和雨水修复潜力的影响。夏季模拟灰水和自来水灌溉(370 mm),冬季模拟降雨(370 mm)。每次模拟后测定土壤的化学、物理和微生物性质。SH和LLD灰水灌溉对土壤化学危害最小;而LLD使土壤入渗速率降低48 ~ 53%,SH导致疏水结壳。PLD和DW灰水灌溉危害最大,导致土壤碱化、酸化和盐碱化,并伴有土壤结构退化,入渗减少85-100%。所有处理均降低了土壤细菌多样性和物种丰富度。降雨模拟只能降低与PLD和DW应用相关的红色土壤的碱度和盐度,因为粘土组分更稳定,允许一些渗透。因此,PLD和DW灰水不应直接用于灌溉,特别是在漂白的土壤上,因为这可以阻止雨水渗透。此外,从长远来看,使用化学危害性较小的SH或LLD液体灰水可能会导致不良的土壤物理问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Applied Water Science
Applied Water Science WATER RESOURCES-
CiteScore
9.90
自引率
3.60%
发文量
268
审稿时长
13 weeks
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