Electrochemical determination of folic acid in triple-matrix biofluids: a PAni-DES and Au/Printex L6@Chitosan enhanced lab-made screen-printed sensor

IF 5.3 2区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Microchimica Acta Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI:10.1007/s00604-025-07177-y

Igor G. S. Oliveira, Fernando C. Gallina, Muriel R. Affonso, Robson S. Souto, Marcos R. V. Lanza, Silvia M. Martelli, Willyam R. P. Barros

{"title":"Electrochemical determination of folic acid in triple-matrix biofluids: a PAni-DES and Au/Printex L6@Chitosan enhanced lab-made screen-printed sensor","authors":"Igor G. S. Oliveira, Fernando C. Gallina, Muriel R. Affonso, Robson S. Souto, Marcos R. V. Lanza, Silvia M. Martelli, Willyam R. P. Barros","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07177-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> The development and application of a highly sensitive electrochemical screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the determination of folic acid (FA) is presented. The SPE was fabricated on a polyethylene substrate using customized graphite ink and modified with Printex L6 carbon (PL6C) dispersed in chitosan (Chi). Gold (Au) nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto the SPE surface, followed by electropolymerization of polyaniline (PAni) in a deep eutectic solvent (DES), enhancing the electrochemical performance. The modified PAni-DES/Au/PL6C@Chi/SPE was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in 0.1 mol L⁻<sup>1</sup> Britton-Robinson buffer solution at pH 7.0. Compared to the bare SPE, the modified sensor showed a significantly enhanced current response for FA detection, with a linear dynamic range of 1.15 to 40.00 μmol L⁻<sup>1</sup> (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.998) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.018 μmol L⁻<sup>1</sup>. The sensor was successfully applied to real samples such as saliva, blood serum, and urine, exhibiting high sensitivity with recovery between 95.25% and 103.80%. It also demonstrated excellent selectivity against common interferents, and the fully lab-made platform offers competitive performance compared to conventional systems, highlighting its innovative design and potential for customization. The absence of a significant memory effect and minimal matrix interference further underscore the sensor’s reliability for clinical diagnoses and quality control analyses. Additionally, the sensor is cost-effective and requires low reagent and sample consumption, making it a promising alternative for practical applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microchimica Acta","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00604-025-07177-y","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The development and application of a highly sensitive electrochemical screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the determination of folic acid (FA) is presented. The SPE was fabricated on a polyethylene substrate using customized graphite ink and modified with Printex L6 carbon (PL6C) dispersed in chitosan (Chi). Gold (Au) nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto the SPE surface, followed by electropolymerization of polyaniline (PAni) in a deep eutectic solvent (DES), enhancing the electrochemical performance. The modified PAni-DES/Au/PL6C@Chi/SPE was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ Britton-Robinson buffer solution at pH 7.0. Compared to the bare SPE, the modified sensor showed a significantly enhanced current response for FA detection, with a linear dynamic range of 1.15 to 40.00 μmol L⁻¹ (R² = 0.998) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.018 μmol L⁻¹. The sensor was successfully applied to real samples such as saliva, blood serum, and urine, exhibiting high sensitivity with recovery between 95.25% and 103.80%. It also demonstrated excellent selectivity against common interferents, and the fully lab-made platform offers competitive performance compared to conventional systems, highlighting its innovative design and potential for customization. The absence of a significant memory effect and minimal matrix interference further underscore the sensor’s reliability for clinical diagnoses and quality control analyses. Additionally, the sensor is cost-effective and requires low reagent and sample consumption, making it a promising alternative for practical applications.

Graphical Abstract

查看原文本刊更多论文

三基质生物体液中叶酸的电化学测定：PAni-DES和Au/Printex L6@Chitosan增强实验室制造的丝网印刷传感器

介绍了高灵敏度电化学丝网印刷电极（SPE）测定叶酸（FA）的研究进展及应用。采用定制石墨墨水在聚乙烯衬底上制备固相SPE，并以分散在壳聚糖（Chi）中的Printex L6碳（PL6C）进行改性。将金（Au）纳米粒子电沉积在SPE表面，然后在深共晶溶剂（DES）中电聚合聚苯胺（PAni），提高了SPE的电化学性能。用循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法在0.1 mol L - 1 briton - robinson缓冲液中（pH 7.0）对改性的PAni-DES/Au/PL6C@Chi/SPE进行了表征。与纯SPE相比，改进后的传感器对FA检测的电流响应明显增强，线性动态范围为1.15 ~ 40.00 μmol L -毒枭（R2 = 0.998），检测限为0.018 μmol L -毒枭。该传感器成功地应用于唾液、血清、尿液等真实样品，灵敏度高，回收率在95.25% ~ 103.80%之间。它还展示了对常见干扰的出色选择性，与传统系统相比，完全实验室制造的平台具有竞争力的性能，突出了其创新设计和定制潜力。没有明显的记忆效应和最小的矩阵干扰进一步强调了传感器在临床诊断和质量控制分析中的可靠性。此外，该传感器具有成本效益，需要低试剂和样品消耗，使其成为实际应用的有希望的替代方案。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Microchimica Acta 化学-分析化学

CiteScore

9.80

自引率

5.30%

发文量

410

审稿时长

2.7 months

期刊介绍： As a peer-reviewed journal for analytical sciences and technologies on the micro- and nanoscale, Microchimica Acta has established itself as a premier forum for truly novel approaches in chemical and biochemical analysis. Coverage includes methods and devices that provide expedient solutions to the most contemporary demands in this area. Examples are point-of-care technologies, wearable (bio)sensors, in-vivo-monitoring, micro/nanomotors and materials based on synthetic biology as well as biomedical imaging and targeting.