Technological Optimization, Health Risk Reduction, and Economic Analysis of Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-contaminated Soil

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-08052-5

Sonam Taneja, Öznur Karaca, Anil Kumar Haritash

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Abstract

The electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technique was employed for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil to study the cross-effect of voltage gradient and electrolyte concentration on removal efficiency. Response Surface Methodology over Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design the experiments. In addition, the effect of electrode material on EKR was investigated using two different electrodes, graphite, and stainless steel. The distribution and migration behavior of Cd in soil was explored through chemical speciation and sequential extraction procedure. The findings revealed that the voltage gradient and EDTA concentration were positively correlated with the removal efficiency at the optimized conditions of 2.5 V/cm and 0.15 M EDTA to achieve 27.8% removal in 10 h. The voltage gradient had a more profound effect on the removal efficiency as compared to EDTA concentration. The EKR treatment effectively reduced the bioavailability of Cd by removing water-soluble and exchangeable fractions and rendering the transformation of Cd to reducible and residual fractions. The Human Health Risk Assessment study was performed which revealed that EKR was successful in reducing the non-carcinogenic adverse effects by 29% and total carcinogenic risks from one in a thousand to one in a hundred thousand in adults, while children still exposed to high potential non-carcinogenic effects. The economic evaluation of all experiments concluded that the stainless steel electrode was more suited for Cd removal as compared to the graphite electrode with better removal (30%) and low specific cost (5.8 US$/g Cd). The study shows that EKR is successful in reducing the overall toxicity of Cd in soil and humans at a relatively low cost and less treatment time.

Graphical Abstract

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镉污染土壤电修复技术优化、健康风险降低及经济分析

采用电动力学修复（EKR）技术对镉污染土壤进行修复，研究了电压梯度和电解液浓度对镉污染土壤去除效率的交叉影响。采用中心复合设计（CCD）的响应面法设计实验。此外，采用石墨和不锈钢两种不同的电极，研究了电极材料对EKR的影响。通过化学形态分析和序贯提取，探讨了镉在土壤中的分布和迁移行为。结果表明，在2.5 V/cm和0.15 M EDTA条件下，电压梯度和EDTA浓度与去除率呈正相关，10 h去除率达到27.8%，电压梯度对去除率的影响比EDTA浓度更深远。EKR处理通过去除水溶性和交换性组分，使Cd转化为可还原组分和残留组分，有效地降低了Cd的生物利用度。进行的人类健康风险评估研究表明，EKR成功地将非致癌不良影响降低了29%，并将成人的总致癌风险从千分之一降低到十万分之一，而儿童仍然暴露于高潜在的非致癌影响中。所有实验的经济评估得出结论，与石墨电极相比，不锈钢电极更适合去除Cd，具有更好的去除率（30%）和低比成本（5.8美元/克Cd）。研究表明，EKR以相对较低的成本和较短的处理时间成功地降低了镉对土壤和人体的总体毒性。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.