Occurrence and accumulation characteristics of antibiotics in soil and effects of carbon and nitrogen cycle

Abstract

Antibiotic contamination has become a global environmental issue, particularly in soils, where the accumulation of antibiotics negatively impacts soil health and microbial communities. Recent studies have shown high detection rates of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in soil, which significantly disrupt nitrogen and carbon cycling. They also alter microbial structures and reduce soil biological activity and fertility. While existing research highlights the detrimental effects of antibiotics on soil ecosystems, studies on their long-term environmental behavior and ecological risks remain limited. This review summarizes the accumulation characteristics of antibiotics in soil and their impacts on carbon and nitrogen cycles, highlighting the need for further research into the long-term effects of antibiotics on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions.