Foot-and-mouth disease virus 3C protein acts as an anti-inflammatory factor by mediating degradation of TLR4 signaling various molecules via caspase activity

Abstract

During the early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection, a series of acute inflammatory responses occur in the host. As the disease progresses, these inflammatory responses gradually weaken until the host is nearly recovered. However, the mechanism by which FMDV participates in the negative regulation of host inflammatory responses remains unclear. In this study, we found that FMDV 3C plays a crucial role in inhibiting the inflammatory response by degrading various molecules in the TLR4 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we discovered that this degradation is mediated by caspase activity, which is activated by 3C protease. Specifically, FMDV 3C targets TLR4, TRIF, p65, IRF3, and TBK1 for degradation through caspase-3, and degrades IRF3 and TBK1 via caspase-8. Notably, FMDV 3C targets TBK1 for degradation through caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 independently. In conclusion, this is the first report identifying FMDV 3C as an anti-inflammatory factor that mediates the degradation of various molecules to inhibit TLR4 signaling through caspase activity. This study provides a novel insight into explore the relationship between FMDV and inflammation and offers ideas for exploring the biological function of 3C and the pathogenesis of FMDV.