Interplay of the pathophysiological mechanisms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and inflammation: A growing threat to public health

Abstract

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), diabetes, and chronic inflammation are growing health problems that often go unnoticed, yet they are closely linked. NAFLD occurs when fat builds up in the liver, and it is strongly connected to metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. Over time, NAFLD can lead to insulin resistance, making diabetes worse, while diabetes itself can increase liver damage, creating a harmful cycle. Inflammation plays a key role in connecting these conditions, worsening disease progression and raising the risk of serious complications like heart disease and liver failure. Despite their widespread impact, these issues are often not diagnosed or treated early enough. This review explores how NAFLD, diabetes, and inflammation are related, their effects on public health, and new treatment options, including lifestyle changes and emerging therapies. By understanding these connections, we can develop better strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment to improve long-term health outcomes.