Ultrasound-enhanced A3 coupling: Ferrocene-infused ionic liquid on silica nanospheres for efficient Quinoline derivatives synthesis

Abstract

The synthesis of quinoline derivatives via A3 coupling has garnered significant attention due to the versatile applications of these compounds in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This study presents an innovative approach utilizing ultrasound-enhanced A3 coupling facilitated by ferrocene-infused ionic liquid (FIL) supported on silica nanospheres (SiO₂@Thiazol-Cl@Fc). The incorporation of ferrocene enhances the catalytic activity and promotes electron transfer processes, leading to improved reaction rates and yields. The ultrasound-assisted method further accelerates the reaction kinetics by providing localized energy, resulting in efficient mixing and enhanced mass transfer. Comprehensive optimization studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of various parameters, including catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and ultrasound intensity. Characterization of the synthesized silica nanospheres was performed using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The developed catalytic system demonstrated remarkable efficiency and selectivity for forming quinoline derivatives under mild reaction conditions. This work highlights the potential of combining ultrasound technology with novel catalytic systems for sustainable organic synthesis, paving the way for future advancements in green chemistry methodologies.