Converging Paths Towards Unified Therapeutic Approaches in Atopic Dermatitis, Vitiligo, and Alopecia Areata.

Abstract

Emerging evidence reveals significant epidemiological, genetic, and immunological connections between atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata, challenging previously established notions of their distinct pathogenic and molecular signatures. Exploring these commonalities not only enhances our understanding of each disease's pathogenesis but also supports the development of unified treatment strategies for these frequently co-occurring disorders. This review examines key immune players shared across the three conditions, including cytokines, immune cells, and signaling pathways. Building on these insights, we also evaluate a range of therapeutic options-ranging from FDA-approved treatments to those currently in clinical trials-alongside proposed future therapeutic targets. This comprehensive approach aims to advance our management of these interconnected autoimmune and inflammatory disorders with greater precision. What do we know? •Atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata share epidemiological overlap, with notable co-occurrence observed in patients across these conditions. •While distinct in their clinical presentations, these three conditions exhibit genetic and immunological overlap, such as shared cytokine axes dysregulation. •Targeted therapies, including various JAK inhibitors, have demonstrated efficacy across all three conditions, highlighting a potential for unified therapeutic strategies when these conditions co-occur. What is still unknown? •The role of converging cytokines and immune pathways in the development of atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata is not yet fully understood. Understanding these intersections could pave the way for transformative advancements in managing these co-occurring diseases.