Two-dimensional materials in bioelectronics

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as transformative building blocks in bioelectronics, enabling seamless interfaces between electronic systems and living tissues. Their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, optical tunability, and environmental resilience make them uniquely suited for next-generation biomedical devices. This perspective highlights recent advances in the use of 2D materials for bioelectronic applications, including skin-conformal wearables and implantable interfaces for dynamic organs such as the heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. We examine cutting-edge fabrication techniques, including transfer printing, layer-by-layer assembly, and hybrid integration with three-dimensional architectures, with an emphasis on scalability and clinical translation. The manuscript also addresses critical challenges—ranging from long-term biocompatibility and environmental stability to regulatory hurdles—and presents current solutions including the design of biodegradable platforms and multilayered heterostructures with multimodal capabilities. By bridging materials science, bioengineering, and medicine, 2D materials hold the promise of revolutionizing healthcare through smart, minimally invasive, and adaptive bioelectronic systems capable of real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention.