Operando spectroscopic studies of alcohol to hydrocarbon process over HSSZ-13 with the aid of MCR-ALS analysis for active species identification

Abstract

This research examines the conversion of C₁ and C₂ alcohols to higher olefins utilizing protonic chabazite (HSSZ-13, SiAl = 11) zeolite. The study employs advanced operando spectroscopy techniques, including FT-IR and UV–vis, while simultaneously using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography to analyze the products. By applying identical amounts of C₁ and C₂ alcohols, the research can effectively examine the intermediates formed and coke production. Further, the same zeolite structure aids a more comprehensive understanding of reaction pathways. The operando FT-IR and UV–vis studies supplemented by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography results for products released from the catalyst surface provide significant information on the key intermediates involved. The similarities and discrepancies between the transformation of ethanol and methanol into olefins, according to the established hydrocarbon pool process, are noted. MCR-ALS analysis is employed for the operando FT-IR and UV–vis results, providing significant insights into the findings. Additionally, the research is supported by chromatographic examinations of the coke species obtained from spent catalysts.