{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of clove/gelatin coated silk sutures for surgical site infection and wound healing","authors":"Hamza Ghafoor, Muhammad Shoaib Butt","doi":"10.1007/s10856-025-06886-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surgical Site infections (SSIs) affect up to 5% of surgical procedures, posing a significant postoperative complication. This study aims to develop and evaluate antibacterial clove/gelatin-coated sutures to reduce SSI infection. Clove extract, known for its antimicrobial properties, was incorporated into a gelatin matrix as a biocompatible coating for silk-braided sutures. Sutures were dip-coated in clove/gelatin solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical strength of the coated suture were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via zone-of-inhibition assays against (<i>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis</i>). The 20% Clove/gelatin coating exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (17.5 ± 0.875 mm) and demonstrated low cytotoxicity in MTT assay with human primary dermal fibroblast. Hemolytic assays revealed that all composite concentrations resulted in <1% hemolytic activity. Approximately 93% of drug release was observed in 20% formulation within 72 h which is promising results compared with untreated sutures. Based on its superior antibacterial performance, the 20% formulation was selected for in vivo studies. In a rat abdominal incision model, wounds closed with coated sutures exhibited complete healing, while those closed with uncoated sutures remained partially healed. These findings highlight the potential of clove/gelatin-coated sutures for enhanced antimicrobial protection and improved wound healing in surgical applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":647,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10856-025-06886-3.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10856-025-06886-3","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Surgical Site infections (SSIs) affect up to 5% of surgical procedures, posing a significant postoperative complication. This study aims to develop and evaluate antibacterial clove/gelatin-coated sutures to reduce SSI infection. Clove extract, known for its antimicrobial properties, was incorporated into a gelatin matrix as a biocompatible coating for silk-braided sutures. Sutures were dip-coated in clove/gelatin solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical strength of the coated suture were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via zone-of-inhibition assays against (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis). The 20% Clove/gelatin coating exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (17.5 ± 0.875 mm) and demonstrated low cytotoxicity in MTT assay with human primary dermal fibroblast. Hemolytic assays revealed that all composite concentrations resulted in <1% hemolytic activity. Approximately 93% of drug release was observed in 20% formulation within 72 h which is promising results compared with untreated sutures. Based on its superior antibacterial performance, the 20% formulation was selected for in vivo studies. In a rat abdominal incision model, wounds closed with coated sutures exhibited complete healing, while those closed with uncoated sutures remained partially healed. These findings highlight the potential of clove/gelatin-coated sutures for enhanced antimicrobial protection and improved wound healing in surgical applications.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine publishes refereed papers providing significant progress in the application of biomaterials and tissue engineering constructs as medical or dental implants, prostheses and devices. Coverage spans a wide range of topics from basic science to clinical applications, around the theme of materials in medicine and dentistry. The central element is the development of synthetic and natural materials used in orthopaedic, maxillofacial, cardiovascular, neurological, ophthalmic and dental applications. Special biomedical topics include biomaterial synthesis and characterisation, biocompatibility studies, nanomedicine, tissue engineering constructs and cell substrates, regenerative medicine, computer modelling and other advanced experimental methodologies.
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