Energy-autonomous and skin-adaptive sensor patch with monolithically nano-interconnected interfaces for spatiotemporal teleoperation

Abstract

Here, we present a energy-autonomous and highly skin-adaptive sensor adhesive patch with monolithic interconnections between its stretchable active layer and soft electrodes, significantly advancing virtual reality based spatiotemporal teleoperation. The highly deformable energy-autonomous sensor patch with super-adaptive skin adhesion is designed to reliably convert human biomechanical movements into electrical signals by reliably interconnecting with soft electrical multilayers. Monolithic multilayers include deformable top and bottom wrinkled electrodes embedded with carbon nanotubes monolithically embedded in middle active layer, providing ∼40 % enhanced self-powered sensing, stable stretchability, and revertability (<10,000 cycles). Additionally, a sensor integrated with a bio-inspired hierarchical octopus-beetle adhesive ensures robust and reversible adhesions in multi-directional skin adhesion under wet conditions while maintaining breathability and comfort for long-term wear. This design addresses the critical challenges of low power consumption for reliable signal transduction and mechanical mismatch limiting current skin-attached devices, enabling a human-friendly, precise, and durable device for immersive teleoperation technologies.