Warburg effect in malign thyroid tissue evidenced using FTIR spectroscopy

IF 4.3 2区化学 Q1 SPECTROSCOPY

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2025.126281

Adriana Martinez-Cuazitl , Monica Maribel Mata-Miranda , Edgar Hernandez-Abarca , Christian Andrei Becerril-Galeana , Francisco Garibay-Gonzalez , Luis Eduardo Delgado-Gonzalez , Izanami Tamaniz-Marcos , Juan Salvador Garcia-Hernandez , Gustavo Jesus Vazquez-Zapien

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Abstract

Background/Objectives

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy; the clinical approach of nodular thyroid involves ultrasonography (USG) TI-RADS classification, clinical symptoms, and biopsies according to the Bethesda System, highlighting that biomarkers also support diagnosis. The main objective of this research is to compare the chemometric changes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis between benign tumor (BT) vs. malignant neoplasm (MN) and thyroid pathology (TP) vs. healthy tissue (HT).

Methods

Biopsies of thyroid nodular disease were obtained and analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy; thereafter, BT and MN biomolecular compounds were compared, as well as TP vs HT. Prior biopsies, laboratory blood tests, USG TI-RADS classification, and thyroid cytopathology report (BETHESDA classifier) were obtained.

Results

Laboratory blood tests showed that glucose and urea levels were similar in BT and MN, but in MN, the creatinine increased, and the albumin decreased compared to BT, with no differences in thyroid hormones. About the TI-RADS scoring system in the MN group, 52 % were unknown, followed by 4 (30 %). However, no significant differences in the size of the tumors were shown. The most reported Bethesda for BT was I, followed by IV and V. Contrary for the MN was VI, followed by V. The FTIR analysis showed shifts in all the analyzed biomolecules, highlighting the evidence of the Warburg effect on MN. Moreover, an increase in protein vs. lipid and protein vs. DNA (1650/1453 and 1550/1082 ratios) was observed, as well as decreased levels of DNA content about proteins and lipids (1550/1082 and 1082/1453 ratios). Besides, structural changes related to lipids (2962 cm-1, 2877 cm-1), fatty acids (1401 cm-1), amide III (1317 cm-1), and nucleic acid (1239 cm-1) were found on TP in comparison to HT. In this sense, TP showed decreased levels in proteins vs DNA and increased levels of DNA compared to lipids CH2.

Conclusions

Metabolic alteration in MN was evidenced, reflecting the “Warburg effect,” with a significant decrease in lipids and DNA compared to protein content. In the same way, structural changes related to lipids, fatty acids, amide III, and nucleic acids were found in TP compared to HT. However, more studies are needed.

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用FTIR光谱法证明恶性甲状腺组织中的Warburg效应

背景/目的甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤；甲状腺结节的临床方法包括超声（USG） TI-RADS分类、临床症状和根据Bethesda系统的活检，强调生物标志物也支持诊断。本研究的主要目的是利用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱分析比较良性肿瘤（BT）与恶性肿瘤（MN）以及甲状腺病理（TP）与健康组织（HT）的化学计量学变化。方法采用ATR-FTIR光谱对甲状腺结节性病变的活检组织进行分析；然后，比较了BT和MN生物分子化合物，以及TP和HT。获得既往活检、实验室血液检查、USG TI-RADS分类和甲状腺细胞病理学报告（BETHESDA分类器）。结果实验室血液检查显示，与BT相比，BT组的葡萄糖和尿素水平相似，但MN组的肌酐升高，白蛋白降低，甲状腺激素无差异。关于MN组的TI-RADS评分系统，52%不清楚，其次是4%（30%）。然而，肿瘤的大小没有明显差异。报道最多的BT的Bethesda是I，其次是IV和v。MN的相反是VI，其次是v。FTIR分析显示所有分析的生物分子都发生了变化，突出了MN的Warburg效应的证据。此外，观察到蛋白质与脂肪和蛋白质与DNA（1650/1453和1550/1082比率）的增加，以及蛋白质和脂质DNA含量（1550/1082和1082/1453比率）的降低。此外，与HT相比，TP在脂质（2962 cm-1、2877 cm-1）、脂肪酸（1401 cm-1）、酰胺III （1317 cm-1）和核酸（1239 cm-1）等方面发生了结构变化。从这个意义上说，TP的蛋白质水平比DNA低，而DNA水平比脂质CH2高。结论：MN的代谢改变被证实，反映了“Warburg效应”，与蛋白质含量相比，脂质和DNA显著降低。同样，与HT相比，在TP中发现了与脂质、脂肪酸、酰胺III和核酸相关的结构变化。然而，还需要更多的研究。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 物理-光谱学

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

11.40%

发文量

1364

审稿时长

40 days

期刊介绍： Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (SAA) is an interdisciplinary journal which spans from basic to applied aspects of optical spectroscopy in chemistry, medicine, biology, and materials science. The journal publishes original scientific papers that feature high-quality spectroscopic data and analysis. From the broad range of optical spectroscopies, the emphasis is on electronic, vibrational or rotational spectra of molecules, rather than on spectroscopy based on magnetic moments. Criteria for publication in SAA are novelty, uniqueness, and outstanding quality. Routine applications of spectroscopic techniques and computational methods are not appropriate. Topics of particular interest of Spectrochimica Acta Part A include, but are not limited to: Spectroscopy and dynamics of bioanalytical, biomedical, environmental, and atmospheric sciences, Novel experimental techniques or instrumentation for molecular spectroscopy, Novel theoretical and computational methods, Novel applications in photochemistry and photobiology, Novel interpretational approaches as well as advances in data analysis based on electronic or vibrational spectroscopy.