Antegrade ESIN technique via the Kocher interval reduces radiation exposure and accelerates recovery in pediatric DRDMJ fractures: A comparative study with cadaveric validation

Abstract

Background

Distal radius diaphyseal-metaphyseal junction (DRDMJ) fractures in children often require surgical intervention due to the unique anatomical characteristics and high failure rate of nonoperative treatment. However, the choice of internal fixation remains a challenge for pediatric orthopedic surgeons. Traditional fixation methods, including plate and screw fixation, crossed Kirschner wires (K-wires), and external fixators, have drawbacks such as extensive local trauma and the risk of physeal injury. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy of antegrade elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for DRDMJ fractures in children, comparing it with the crossed K-wire technique.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 47 pediatric patients with DRDMJ fractures treated between June 2018 and January 2023. Patients were divided into an antegrade ESIN group (n = 20) and a crossed K-wire group (n = 27). Demographic data, perioperative parameters (operative time, radiation exposure), and postoperative recovery indicators (duration of internal/external fixation, radiographic healing time, wrist function recovery) were collected. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months, and complications were recorded. The Garland-Werley score was used to assess wrist function. Additionally, a cadaveric study was performed to validate the neurovascular safety of antegrade ESIN insertion via the middle third of the radial head–radial tuberosity axis within the Kocher interval.

Results

All patients achieved radiographic union, with no cases of dorsal interosseous nerve injury, tendon rupture, or refracture. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of radiographic healing time or wrist function scores at 12 months postoperatively (P > 0.05). However, compared to the crossed K-wire group, the antegrade ESIN group demonstrated a significantly shorter operative time by 10.71 min (P = 0.002), reduced fluoroscopy use by 2.74 exposures (P = 0.001), and a shorter postoperative cast immobilization duration by 9.11 days (P < 0.001). Additionally, the antegrade ESIN group exhibited a higher rate of excellent wrist function scores at the 3-month follow-up. The cadaveric study confirmed that needle insertion through the middle third of the Kocher interval safely avoided the dorsal interosseous nerve, with no risk of nerve injury in either pronation or supination positions.

Conclusion

Antegrade ESIN and crossed K-wire fixation provide comparable long-term functional and radiographic outcomes for pediatric DRDMJ fractures. The antegrade ESIN technique, performed through the middle third of the radial head–radial tuberosity axis within the Kocher interval, effectively avoids dorsal interosseous nerve injury while significantly reducing operative time, minimizing intraoperative radiation exposure, and promoting early functional recovery. This technique may serve as a valuable surgical option for treating DRDMJ fractures in children.