Determination of salt concentration in aqueous solution using an open-ended coaxial line resonator-based microwave sensor

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.116619

Min Jiang , Wassana Naku , Shiyu Li

{"title":"Determination of salt concentration in aqueous solution using an open-ended coaxial line resonator-based microwave sensor","authors":"Min Jiang , Wassana Naku , Shiyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116619","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A metal-post-coupled open-ended coaxial line resonator (OE-CLR) is proposed and demonstrated for measuring salt concentrations in aqueous solutions. The sensor operates based on the perturbation of the fringing electric field at the open end of the resonator caused by the aqueous analyte. Variations in the concentration of the analyte lead to changes in both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the material, which can be determined by tracking shifts in the resonance frequency, quality factor, and magnitude at resonance in the device’s spectrum. The sensor’s responses to sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions at varying concentrations are demonstrated. Additionally, the potential of harnessing machine learning to analyze the OE-CLR’s spectral response for differentiating between the two salts is explored. The proposed sensor is easy to fabricate, robust, highly sensitive, and the strategy of combining rich spectral data with advanced analytical techniques (e.g., machine learning) opens up possibilities for developing advanced sensors with expanded functionalities, such as measuring individual salts in complex aqueous mixtures for more demanding applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092442472500425X","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

A metal-post-coupled open-ended coaxial line resonator (OE-CLR) is proposed and demonstrated for measuring salt concentrations in aqueous solutions. The sensor operates based on the perturbation of the fringing electric field at the open end of the resonator caused by the aqueous analyte. Variations in the concentration of the analyte lead to changes in both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the material, which can be determined by tracking shifts in the resonance frequency, quality factor, and magnitude at resonance in the device’s spectrum. The sensor’s responses to sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions at varying concentrations are demonstrated. Additionally, the potential of harnessing machine learning to analyze the OE-CLR’s spectral response for differentiating between the two salts is explored. The proposed sensor is easy to fabricate, robust, highly sensitive, and the strategy of combining rich spectral data with advanced analytical techniques (e.g., machine learning) opens up possibilities for developing advanced sensors with expanded functionalities, such as measuring individual salts in complex aqueous mixtures for more demanding applications.

查看原文本刊更多论文

用开放式同轴线谐振器微波传感器测定水溶液中的盐浓度

提出并演示了一种用于测量水溶液中盐浓度的金属后耦合开放式同轴线谐振器（OE-CLR）。该传感器的工作原理是基于由水分析物引起的谐振器开放端边缘电场的扰动。分析物浓度的变化会导致材料的介电常数和损耗正切的变化，这可以通过跟踪器件频谱中共振频率、质量因子和共振幅度的变化来确定。演示了传感器对不同浓度氯化钠（NaCl）和氯化钾（KCl）溶液的响应。此外，还探讨了利用机器学习来分析OE-CLR的光谱响应以区分两种盐的潜力。所提出的传感器易于制造，坚固耐用，高度敏感，并且将丰富的光谱数据与先进的分析技术（例如机器学习）相结合的策略为开发具有扩展功能的先进传感器开辟了可能性，例如测量复杂含水混合物中的单个盐，以满足更苛刻的应用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...