Elevated trace element concentrations in Arabian scallops, Natal rock oysters, and Intermediate clams in the Persian Gulf

Abstract

Backgrounds

This study aimed to quantify trace element concentrations in Arabian scallops (Mimachlamys sanguinea), Natal rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata), and Intermediate clams (Tivela damaoides). These elements accumulate over time from water, food, and sediment, potentially leading to toxicity.

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected from coastal waters around Larak Island, processed, and analyzed for trace elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). The samples were ashed, digested, and then analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Results

The findings revealed that Fe levels were highest in T. damaoides, significantly exceeding those in M. sanguinea (p < 0.05). Cd concentrations were significantly higher in M. sanguinea compared to S. cucullata and T. damaoides (p < 0.05). Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Co, Hg, Cu, As, and Se showed no significant interspecies differences (p > 0.05). However, significant variations were noted for Mg with T. damaoides showing the highest levels markedly more significant than those observed in M. sanguinea (p < 0.05). Comparison with WHO/FAO standards showed that Pb levels in the soft tissues of all three bivalve species exceeded permissible limits, though other metals were within safe consumption levels.

Conclusion

This study revealed that lead concentrations in the soft tissues of bivalves exceeded WHO/FAO safety limits, indicating a potential health risk. These findings emphasize the necessity of monitoring trace element contamination in bivalves to ensure seafood safety and protect public health.