Characterization of PM2.5-borne heavy metal pollution from industrial sources and human health risk assessment

IF 4.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121254

Xiaoteng Ji, Xinyi Ma, Hongya Niu, Yuting Tian, Hao Zhu, Runshuang Shi, Jinxi Wang, Jingsen Fan

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Abstract

To investigate the pollution characteristics of PM_2.5 and its associated heavy metals, we collected and analyzed PM_2.5 samples from five industrial sources in Handan, namely production chimneys, workshops, factory areas, and two control points. Macroscopic and microscopic perspectives were employed to determine the contents of 11 heavy metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid (As). The results revealed that the total average mass concentrations of the 12 metal elements followed the order: chimney (9598.64 ng·m⁻³) > workshop (7332.94 ng·m⁻³) > factory area (3104.31 ng·m⁻³) > control point B (2073.21 ng·m⁻³) > control point A (1004.74 ng·m⁻³). Fe, Ti, Zn, and Ni were the primary contributors to total metal content at each sampling site. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations were minimal. Fe had the highest mass concentration among the metals at all sites (>60 %), whereas the Cr (VI) and As concentrations significantly exceeded the permitted levels. The particle types with a relatively high number in single particles emitted from chimney were mineral particles (31.58 %), iron-containing metal oxides (26.32 %), and soot aggregates (23.68 %). Mixed particles are primarily present as external mixtures. The AERMOD model simulation indicated significant regional dispersion of PM_2.5 within 10 km, which was corroborated by sample analysis at the nearby control point. Indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio modeling demonstrated that heavy metal concentrations were generally higher in workshops than in factory areas, suggesting the potential diffusion of some heavy metals from workshops to the factory atmosphere. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis showed that Fe was highly enriched (EF > 3000) at all sampling sites, with EFs at the control points exceeding 1000. These findings suggest that industrial emissions from the foundry industry in Handan contributed significantly to the ambient atmospheric Fe levels. Health risk assessment indicated a substantial non-carcinogenic risk (CR; hazard index >1) and a moderate CR (10⁻⁴ ≤ CR < 10⁻³) for the study area. Co, Cr (VI), Mn, and Pb pose significant non-CR, whereas Cr (VI) and As have been identified as key contributors to CR.

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工业来源的pm2.5重金属污染特征及人体健康风险评估

为了研究PM2.5及其相关重金属的污染特征，我们采集并分析了邯郸市五个工业源的PM2.5样品，即生产烟囱、车间、厂区和两个控制点。从宏观和微观角度测定了 11 种重金属（Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ba 和 Pb）和一种类金属（As）的含量。结果显示，12 种金属元素的总平均质量浓度依次为：烟囱（9598.64 ng-m-3）；车间（7332.94 ng-m-3）；厂区（3104.31 ng-m-3）；控制点 B（2073.21 ng-m-3）；控制点 A（1004.74 ng-m-3）。铁、钛、锌和镍是各采样点金属总含量的主要来源。重金属浓度的季节性变化很小。在所有采样点的金属中，铁的质量浓度最高（60%），而六价铬和砷的浓度则大大超过了允许水平。烟囱排放的单一颗粒中数量较多的颗粒类型是矿物颗粒（31.58 %）、含铁金属氧化物（26.32 %）和烟尘聚集体（23.68 %）。混合颗粒主要以外部混合物的形式存在。AERMOD 模型模拟显示，PM2.5 在 10 公里范围内有明显的区域扩散，附近控制点的样本分析也证实了这一点。室内/室外（I/O）比率模型显示，车间内的重金属浓度普遍高于工厂区，这表明一些重金属有可能从车间扩散到工厂大气中。富集因子（EF）分析表明，铁在所有采样点都高度富集（EF > 3000），控制点的 EF 超过 1000。这些结果表明，邯郸铸造业排放的工业废气严重影响了大气中的铁含量。健康风险评估表明，研究区域的非致癌风险（CR；危害指数>1）很大，CR（10-4 ≤ CR <10-3）中等。钴、铬 (VI)、锰和铅构成了严重的非致癌风险，而铬 (VI) 和砷则被确定为致癌风险的主要因素。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Atmospheric Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

9.40

自引率

8.00%

发文量

458

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： Atmospheric Environment has an open access mirror journal Atmospheric Environment: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. Atmospheric Environment is the international journal for scientists in different disciplines related to atmospheric composition and its impacts. The journal publishes scientific articles with atmospheric relevance of emissions and depositions of gaseous and particulate compounds, chemical processes and physical effects in the atmosphere, as well as impacts of the changing atmospheric composition on human health, air quality, climate change, and ecosystems.