DNA Origami-Based Lattice Actuator for Constructing Multi-Responsive, Multi-Reconfigurable Artificial Nanostructures

Abstract

Advancements in structural nucleic acid nanotechnology have enabled the construction of diverse stimuli-responsive nanomachines using molecular self-assembly. These efforts have expanded to include the development of multi-reconfigurable nanodevices that exhibit complex motions, requiring the combinatorial and reversible operation of multiple movable components. Here, we report a multi-reconfigurable DNA origami lattice actuator capable of transforming into distinct shapes based on combinations of external cues. The structure comprises nine frames, each constructed from a rigid 4-helix bundle connected by flexible single-stranded DNAs. Except for the central frame, each frame contains two bridge strands that form tetraplex structures, such as i-motifs or G-quadruplexes, in response to changes in pH or the presence of K⁺. By modulating tetraplex formation through chemical cues and complementary suppressor strands, the shapes of individual frames are sequentially reconfigured, enabling the lattice actuator to adopt different configurations. This simple yet modular design approach facilitates the development of intelligent biomaterials capable of specific transformations in response to combinations of external stimuli.