A Brief Review on Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH): Innovative Non-Viral Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery

Abstract

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are emerging as versatile, nonviral vectors for gene delivery, offering significant potential in therapeutic applications. Their structure comprises positively charged metal hydroxide layers intercalated with anions, enabling efficient encapsulation of genetic materials like plasmids, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). The anionic exchange capacity of LDHs allows for the controlled release of nucleic acids, positioning them as promising tools for precision gene therapy. LDHs with tunable composition enable the optimization of particle size, charge density, and degradation rates to meet specific therapeutic requirements. At the cellular level, LDHs are taken up via endocytosis, followed by intracellular trafficking, and pH-triggered release of genetic material. This process protects nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation and ensures efficient delivery to the cytoplasm or nucleus. They have successfully encapsulated siRNA for effective gene silencing in vitro and in vivo, downregulating disease-associated genes in conditions like cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and chronic viral infections. With their structural versatility, biocompatibility, and efficient nucleic acid delivery, LDHs are poised to revolutionize gene therapy and personalized medicine, providing a safer alternative to viral vectors. This review highlights LDHs as innovative carriers for gene delivery, emphasizing their structure, biocompatibility, and versatility in targeted therapy.