India's universal immunization program: A review of successes, challenges, and future directions

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100854

T. Jacob John , Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) is the cornerstone of India's disease prevention endeavour, aimed at protecting children and pregnant women from Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs). The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was designed and launched by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1974, with BCG, OPV, DPT and Measles Vaccine (MV) in children and Tetanus Toxoid in pregnant women, all given free of cost. India adopted EPI in 1978 without MV. MV was rolled out nationally during 1985–1990 following which EPI was re-named Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). In 2000 the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) was established and under its recommendations, newer vaccines have been systematically included in UIP. India introduced targeted immunization drives, and digital platforms for vaccine logistics management. This paper reviews UIP's major achievements, discusses emerging concerns, and proposes ways forward to address these gaps.

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印度的全民免疫规划：成功、挑战和未来方向的回顾

普遍免疫规划（UIP）是印度疾病预防工作的基石，旨在保护儿童和孕妇免受疫苗可预防疾病的侵害。世界卫生组织（世卫组织）于1974年设计并启动了扩大免疫规划，为儿童提供卡介苗、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗和麻疹疫苗，为孕妇免费提供破伤风类毒素。印度在1978年采用了EPI，当时没有MV。1985-1990年期间在全国推广了MV，随后扩大免疫计划更名为普遍免疫规划（UIP）。2000年成立了全国免疫技术咨询小组，根据其建议，已系统地将较新的疫苗纳入统一免疫方案。印度引入了有针对性的免疫运动，以及用于疫苗物流管理的数字平台。本文回顾了UIP的主要成就，讨论了新出现的问题，并提出了解决这些差距的方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology IMMUNOLOGY-

CiteScore

2.20

自引率

0.00%

发文量

154

审稿时长

73 days

期刊介绍： Manuscripts of high standard in the form of original research, multicentric studies, meta analysis, are accepted. Current reports can be submitted as brief communications. Case reports must include review of current literature, clinical details, outcome and follow up. Letters to the editor must be a comment on or pertain to a manuscript already published in the IJMM or in relation to preliminary communication of a larger study. Review articles, Special Articles or Guest Editorials are accepted on invitation.