Prussian blue and its analogues nanomaterials: a focused view on physicochemical properties and precise synthesis

Abstract

Prussian blue/Prussian blue analogues (PB/PBAs) are widely used in electrochemistry and materials science fields, such as electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, water purification, and electromagnetic wave absorption, owing to their 3D open-framework structure, tunable composition, and large specific surface area. However, the co-precipitation method, which is most suitable for large-scale production of PB/PBAs, often leads to the formation of numerous crystal defects and severe lattice distortion, which significantly affects the structural stability of PB/PBAs. To obtain high-crystallinity PB/PBAs with targeted properties, precise synthesis considering various detailed conditions is especially needed. Herein, this review comprehensively summarizes the fundamental structure composition, key factors in synthesis, and applications in the electrochemistry of PB/PBAs. Unlike previous reports, this review elucidates the relationship between the physicochemical properties of PB/PBAs and their structural composition, with a particular focus on revealing the mechanisms and significance of specific preparation methods during the synthesis process, including reactant concentration, chelating agent, aging, atmosphere, temperature, and drying conditions, for achieving the precise fabrication of PB/PBAs nanomaterials. As PB/PBAs gradually become materials for multidimensional applications, we urge greater attention to the unique properties of PB/PBAs that are sustained by high crystallinity and stable crystal structures. This will effectively ensure the maximization of their advantages in practical applications.