Differential Response of Buckwheat Growth, Physiology, and Elements Distribution to Copper and Zinc Toxicity in Hydroponics

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-07950-y

Sana Ullah, Katarina Vogel-Mikus, Asif Naeem, Iftikhar Ahmad, Karolina Barcauskaite

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Abstract

Wastewater can be used in hydroponic systems to grow crop plants, offering a sustainable solution to water scarcity and nutrient recycling. However, contaminants like Cu and Zn can affect crop yield. This study aimed to assess the effects of Cu- and Zn-induced toxicity on growth, physiology, photosynthesis, biochemical characteristics, element concentrations, and leaf distribution patterns in buckwheat. The experiment consisted of nine treatments (0, Cu5, Cu10, Zn50, Zn100, Cu5Zn50, Cu5Zn100, Cu10Zn50 and Cu10Zn100 mg L⁻¹) with four replications in a completely randomized design. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests. A two-way clustering based on Euclidian distance was performed to understand the relationships between the measured parameters better. The results showed that Cu and Zn at higher and combined levels notably decreased fresh and dry weight, nitrogen balance index, chlorophylls, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, and PSII quantum yield compared to the control. Conversely, the anthocyanin and flavonoids contents were increased compared to the control. Shoot Cu and Zn concentrations and uptake were dose-dependent; however, Cu and Zn interactions at higher levels were antagonistic. Micro-XRF element distribution analysis of leaves showed that Cu and/or Zn treatment affected element partitioning between mesophyll and vascular tissue. Mesophyll to vein metal concentration ratios (MeVeR) showed that at higher Cu levels (Cu10), more Cu was transported into the mesophyll, making Cu more toxic due to interference with photosynthesis, while at high Zn levels (Zn100), Zn was more efficiently sequestered in veins.

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水培条件下荞麦生长、生理及元素分布对铜、锌毒性的差异响应

废水可以在水培系统中用于种植作物，为水资源短缺和养分循环提供可持续的解决方案。然而，像铜和锌这样的污染物会影响作物产量。本研究旨在探讨铜和锌对荞麦生长、生理、光合、生化特性、元素浓度和叶片分布模式的影响。试验采用完全随机设计，设0、Cu5、Cu10、Zn50、Zn100、Cu5Zn50、Cu5Zn100、Cu10Zn50和Cu10Zn100 mg L−1 9个处理，4个重复。所得数据采用方差分析和Tukey’s HSD检验进行分析。为了更好地理解测量参数之间的关系，采用基于欧几里得距离的双向聚类方法。结果表明，与对照相比，Cu和Zn处理显著降低了水稻鲜重、干重、氮平衡指数、叶绿素、光系统II （PSII）效率和PSII量子产量。相反，花青素和黄酮类化合物含量较对照增加。茎部Cu、Zn浓度和吸收量呈剂量依赖性；然而，Cu和Zn在较高水平上的相互作用是拮抗的。微量xrf元素分布分析表明，Cu和/或Zn处理影响叶肉和维管组织之间的元素分配。叶肉与叶脉金属浓度比（MeVeR）表明，在Cu水平较高（Cu10）时，更多的Cu被输送到叶肉中，由于干扰光合作用，Cu的毒性更大；而在Zn水平较高（Zn100）时，Zn在叶脉中更有效地被固存。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.