Advancements in constructed wetland technology: a state-of-the-art review on bio-electrochemical processes, tidal flow dynamics, and resilience to shock loads

Abstract

This research article presents a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in constructed wetland technology, with a primary focus on bio-electrochemical processes, including electrolysis and microbial fuel cells, as well as the impact of tidal flow and shock loads on the constructed wetland performance. To date, extensive studies and in-depth analyses in these aspects are limited, highlighting a significant research gap. Electrolysis is explored for its efficacy in dephosphorization and denitrification, particularly under conditions of low carbon availability. Additionally, microbial fuel cell technology is investigated for its dual benefits of bioenergy generation and climate change mitigation. The tidal flow component is highlighted for its ability to create anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic environments within and between cells, crucial for effective nitrogen removal. The study emphasizes the importance of constructed wetland resilience to shock loads, whether from increased discharge due to rainfall or heightened contaminant levels. The research employs bibliographic analysis and microbial community profiling and investigates factors such as nutrient removal, polarization curves, and the effects of flood/rest and flood/drain in tidal flow. Furthermore, the article delves into the impacts of hydraulic and organic shock loads on constructed wetland systems, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field.