Microplastics in Indian freshwater systems: Multidisciplinary analysis of sources, consequences, and mitigation strategies

Abstract

Microplastic (MP) pollution represents an escalating environmental hazard, especially in India's freshwater ecosystems, where intensified industrial activities, urbanization, and insufficient waste management have exacerbated contamination. Freshwater ecosystems in India, encompassing rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, are particularly susceptible owing to their significance in sustaining biodiversity, providing potable water, and facilitating agriculture. This study examines the extent, origins, and effects of MP pollution in Indian freshwater systems, emphasising essential research areas to mitigate the associated ecological and public health hazards. This study initially examines the present condition of MP contamination in Indian freshwater systems, pinpointing key sources, including urban wastewater, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. This article, subsequently analyse current studies regarding the effects of these pollutants on aquatic ecosystems and underscores critical knowledge deficiencies, especially in evaluating MP toxicity and its interactions with other contaminants. Emphasising the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach, we propose targeted research directions: enhancing monitoring methodologies, developing cost-effective remediation strategies, and examining the socioeconomic factors that contribute to the persistence of pollution. The significance of policy interventions and public awareness campaigns in bolstering scientific efforts to alleviate microplastic pollution has been underscored. This thorough analysis provides actionable insights for researchers, policymakers, and environmental stakeholders seeking sustainable solutions to restore the health and resilience of Indian freshwater ecosystems.