Neuroimaging biomarkers: a critical review of their role in neurological disease diagnosis and management

Abstract

Imaging-based biomarkers (IBB)are indispensable in neurology, revealing crucial insights into structural, functional, and molecular changes associated with neurological disorders. Techniques such as MRI, PET, SPECT, and CT yield a diverse array of biomarkers including connectivity patterns, volumetric measurements, and molecular imaging agents. These biomarkers facilitate early diagnosis, disease progression tracking, therapy response prediction, and surgical planning, thereby playing pivotal roles in clinical management. However, integration of IBBs into routine clinical practice faces significant obstacles. Technical constraints, standardization challenges, ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and cost-effectiveness concerns all pose substantial barriers. Nevertheless, advancements in imaging technology hold promise in addressing these obstacles. High-resolution imaging, multimodal approaches, and artificial intelligence-based analysis show potential in improving the accuracy and reliability of imaging biomarkers. Despite the need for further research and standardization efforts, ongoing developments in imaging-based biomarkers have the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and management of neurological disorders. By overcoming current challenges and harnessing technological advancements, imaging-based biomarkers are well-positioned to improve our understanding and management of neurological disorders, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.