Silver Accumulation and Ionomic Profile Alterations in Pigs: Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles as Feed Supplements and Potential Human Exposure

Abstract

The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in animal feed have drawn increasing attention as a potential alternative to antibiotics. However, concerns about bioaccumulation and possible effects on mineral homeostasis require a thorough evaluation. This study investigates the bioaccumulation of Ag in various tissues and ionomic alterations in pigs fed AgNPs complexed with carbohydrates (AgNPs@Carb). Silver concentrations were measured in tissues, such as the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and cecal contents, at different time points following the withdrawal of the nanoparticle-supplemented diet. Principal component analysis (PCA) assessed the concentrations of 18 elements across 10 tissues. Results indicate that silver primarily accumulates in the liver and cecal contents, with varying clearance rates across tissues. The silver estimated daily intake (EDI) for human consumption was evaluated, revealing low values across all tissues. This suggests that potential exposure to Ag through the consumption of edible tissues from animals supplemented with AgNPs is minimal and does not pose an immediate health risk. Significant changes were also observed in the ionomic profiles, suggesting that AgNPs disrupt trace element homeostasis. These findings underscore the importance of understanding both the biodistribution of silver nanoparticles and their potential long-term impact on animal health and human consumers.