Biocompatible materials as a sustainable solution to micro- and nanoplastic remediation and their challenges

Abstract

The alarming accumulation of micro- and nanoplastics (M/NPs) in ecosystems has raised serious environmental and health concerns due to their chemical stability, small size, and resistance to biodegradation. Addressing this challenge requires sustainable and biocompatible remediation strategies. This review explores a wide range of remediation approaches using biocompatible materials, including natural-based polymers, biochar, plant-derived substances, microorganism-derived systems, and protein coronas. Among these materials, natural-based polymers (e.g., chitosan, alginate) effectively adsorb M/NPs via electrostatic interactions and gel encapsulation. Similarly, biochar, due to its highly porous structure, enhances pollutant sequestration, particularly in aquatic systems. Plant-derived substances, including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), sponges, and aquatic plants, offer promising nature-inspired solutions for M/NP remediation. Microorganism-derived systems facilitate M/NP degradation through enzymatic hydrolysis, biofilm formation, and trapping, while protein coronas influence particle aggregation and sedimentation, improving removal efficiency. The aim of this study is to review a wide range of biocompatible materials for the removal of M/NPs from contaminated environments. This study discusses the functional mechanisms, advantages, and challenges of each material and also proposes opportunities to enhance their efficiency through surface modifications and integration with other remediation technologies.