Lipid Droplet in Lipodystrophy and Neurodegeneration

Abstract

Lipid droplets are ubiquitous yet distinct intracellular organelles that are gaining attention for their uses outside of energy storage. Their formation, role in the physiological function, and the onset of the pathology have been gaining attention recently. Their structure, synthesis, and turnover play dynamic roles in both lipodystrophy and neurodegeneration. Factors like development, aging, inflammation, and cellular stress regulate the synthesis of lipid droplets. The biogenesis of lipid droplets has a critical role in reducing cellular stress. Lipid droplets, in response to stress, sequester hazardous lipids into their neutral lipid core, preserving energy and redox balance while guarding against lipotoxicity. Thus, the maintenance of lipid droplet homeostasis in adipose tissue, CNS, and other body tissues is essential for maintaining organismal health. Insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and lipid droplet accumulation are the severe metabolic abnormalities that accompany lipodystrophy-related fat deficit. Accumulation of lipid droplets is detected in almost all neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hence, the regulation of lipid droplets can be used as an alternative approach to the treatment of several diseases. The current review summarizes the structure, composition, biogenesis, and turnover of lipid droplets, with an emphasis on the factors responsible for the accumulation and importance of lipid droplets in lipodystrophy and neurodegenerative disease.