The innovation in energy storage technology is crucial to solving the world’s energy problems. Renewable resources have drawn the interest of researchers because the non-renewable resources are limited. Supercapacitors are revolutionary storage and energy conversion devices that are gaining popularity due to their higher specific power. The present study is about the fabrication of CaFeO3 and Mo-doped CaFeO3 through sustainable hydrothermal technique. To verify its electrochemical properties, different techniques were used, including charge-discharge as well as electrochemical surface area. The capacitance of the resulting Mo-doped CaFeO3 material is 1722.5 F/g, which is greater than that of the CaFeO3 material with capacitance of 897.8 F/g. The produced Mo-doped CaFeO3 material has 237.5 W/kg of specific power and 54.1 Wh/kg of specific energy. The produced CaFeO3 doped with Mo showed remarkable retention after undergoing 5000th cycle. The electrochemical performance and the specific surface area of pure material was improved by doping. The results showed that the doped material’s electrochemical activity was enhanced and charges were stored more effectively than the pure material. The exceptional performance of Mo-doped CaFeO3 nanomaterial indicates their significant potential for future energy storage technology.