Future prospects towards attaining zero-emission of greenhouse gases from crude oil refinery plants

Abstract

The contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from crude oil refineries to the global climate change has been so problematic. The end results of this has been linked to global warming causing adverse effects on public health and making the environment unsafe for living. This review article examines the challenges and effects emanating from the release of greenhouse gases from crude oil refining operations. In-depth discussions and salient points, shedding light for prospective researchers on the critical areas that should be investigated and improved on to attain net-zero emissions in refinery, were presented. The effects of the increase in the global number of refineries on GHG emissions trend in top countries are discussed. Top 10 countries and refinery industries with the highest GHG emissions were referenced as case studies. Between 2000 and 2021, the cumulative GHG emissions from refineries attained 34.1 Gt due to increase in the number of refineries while the top 10 enterprises accounted for approximately 33.8–38.1 %. Accumulative reduction of 532 Mt and 928 Mt of CO₂ emissions are expected between 2020 and 2030 if the efficiencies of refineries in the top 10 countries and global refineries are respectively improved. Technologies such as hydrogen-based refining and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS); integration of circular economy principles; green financing and government-backed incentives; and government-based policies are some of the steps that can be taken to make reduction of GHG emissions from refineries a reality. In conclusion, the stated vital points regarding future prospects towards attaining net-zero emissions from crude oil refinery plants will be beneficial for prospective researchers and the entire globe.