Recent trends in molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensors

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensors (MIPECSs) represent an advanced analytical platform with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity for detecting a broad spectrum of molecular targets, including Microcystin-LR, Aflatoxin B1, Fumonisin B1, Oxytetracycline, Salicylic acid, Dioctyl phthalate, and Bisphenol A, across diverse matrices. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the design and application of MIPECSs, focusing on the underlying principles of PEC-responsive MIPs such as poly-phenylenediamine, polydopamine, polypyrrole, and MI-titania/silica, as well as their integration with PEC techniques. A key emphasis is placed on the incorporation of MIPs with narrow-bandgap semiconductors (SCs), including covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and carbon nitrides, both in their pristine states and as heterojunctions. Additionally, this review critically evaluates strategies aimed at improving selective molecular recognition, signal sensitivity, operational stability, and overall technological robustness. These approaches encompass the utilization of novel SCs, surface engineering methodologies, and signal amplification techniques. Furthermore, the review explores the diverse applications of MIPECSs across various fields, including environmental monitoring, food safety assessment, clinical diagnostics, point-of-care testing, and non-invasive biological fluid analysis. By offering an in-depth examination of current research trends and emerging technologies, this work identifies existing challenges and outlines future directions. The insights presented contribute to the ongoing development of next-generation biosensing technologies, advancing the field of molecularly imprinted PEC sensors.