Out of sight, out of mind? The crisis of decentralized water and wastewater servicing in Indigenous communities

Abstract

Access to clean water and adequate wastewater services is a fundamental human right, yet many Indigenous communities in Canada continue to face significant challenges in this area. Despite governmental commitments and ongoing efforts, numerous communities remain under longstanding drinking water advisories, and inadequate wastewater management persists, creating a public health and environmental crisis. This review examines the complex interconnections between decentralized water and wastewater systems in Indigenous communities, with a primary focus on rural Alberta. It highlights the critical gaps in available data, the lack of holistic approaches to understanding these systems, and the barriers created by current regulatory frameworks and funding policies. The analysis reveals how decentralized systems, such as cisterns and septic tanks, often fail due to inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and regulatory ambiguities. Particular attention is given to the pervasive issue of "shoot-outs"—untreated wastewater discharges that disproportionately impact First Nations communities. The paper argues for a re-evaluation of current policies and funding models to better address the unique needs of Indigenous communities, proposing a framework that integrates technical, social, and political considerations. This review calls for an urgent response to reconcile disparities, enhance collaborative governance, and ensure equitable access to safe water and wastewater services for all Indigenous peoples in Canada.