Challenges and perspectives for the perovskite module research

Abstract

With rapid technological advancements, perovskite photovoltaics are approaching the final stage of commercialization. However, challenges arise due to differences between the fabrication processes for large-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and laboratory-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this perspective, we highlight key obstacles in the transition from PSCs to PSMs across three main fabrication stages: precursor solution preparation, large-scale perovskite deposition, and post-treatment procedures for modules. Beyond addressing long-term stability, we emphasize critical yet often overlooked factors: reproducibility, cost, quality control, and sustainability in PSM manufacture. Finally, we provide our outlook by posing three controversial questions: which type of PSMs will be finally commercialized, how to balance the device area and lateral resistance, and how to realize a stable supply of raw materials. We hope that this effort may provide insights into targeted scientific strategies that can bridge these gaps and facilitate the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.