Comprehensive review on the impact of high temperatures and dynamic loading on rocks in construction materials

Abstract

The majority of ancient structures worldwide were built using naturally occurring materials, predominantly rocks. The increasing occurrence of explosions and fires underscores the significance of examining the reaction of rock to elevated temperatures and pressures. Elevated temperatures can induce alterations in the physico-mechanical and elastic characteristics of the rock, rendering it more susceptible to failure when subjected to repetitive, uniform loading. Given the essential role of rocks in the construction of various structures, it is imperative to prioritize the analysis of these geological formations. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly examine all potential future scenarios in which adverse environmental conditions manifest. This study examines the impact of fires, as their occurrence has witnessed a notable rise in recent years. Prominent examples include the Namdaemun fire in 2008, the National Museum of Brazil fire in 2018, and the Notre Dame fire in 2019, among others. The inherent strength and failure behavior of rocks are modified by physico-mechanical changes induced by elevated temperatures. The development of appropriate remediation and renovation protocols for structures damaged by fire can be achieved by quantifying the thermally-induced alterations. Finally, this study offers valuable insights into a potential resolution for the previously mentioned issue, thereby enhancing experts' comprehension of the underlying principles governing explosions and structural fires, and granting them a more profound understanding of structural dynamics.