A system analysis of gender-based perceptions of transportation security in the Valparaiso region of Chile

Abstract

This study explores the complex and interconnected perceptions of insecurity within Gran Valparaíso's public transportation system, with a focus on gender-based differences. Through semi-structured interviews with 27 male and 24 female stakeholders, we used purposive text analysis (PTA) and qualitative system dynamics modeling to map mental models and identify key drivers of gendered perceptions of transportation security. The PTA revealed 31 factors influencing safety perceptions across five dimensions: State, Transport System, Bus Drivers, Social Issues, and User Behavior, along with 646 causal connections—409 and 237 of which related to public transportation challenges and solutions, respectively. Comparative analysis of the models for male and female stakeholders showed that while males mainly associate insecurity with crime, females face a broader array of concerns, including harassment, distrust, and inadequate infrastructure. The findings highlight how poor infrastructure, limited surveillance, and negligent driver behavior disproportionately affect female passengers' perceptions of safety. These results call for targeted interventions, including enhanced surveillance, better infrastructure, and gender-sensitive policies to improve security. To address these challenges, a systems approach is needed, incorporating both urban design improvements and community-based initiatives—such as alert systems and driver training—that reduce reliance on private security and create a more inclusive, accessible public transportation environment.