Particulate matter in ambient air (Krk island, Croatia): elemental analysis, sources and microplastics

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) in ambient air is a significant public health concern. While PM monitoring is commonly conducted at urban and industrial sites, background stations are important for understanding broader atmospheric processes. This study presents the first elemental analysis of PM at a background station on the island of Krk in the northern Adriatic (Croatia). The sampling period lasted from June to December 2023. The results reveal fair air quality, with occasional episodes of air quality deterioration, mainly during the winter months. These episodes are likely linked to distant sources such as industrial areas or Saharan dust, although local influences, including soil dust, and traffic, also contribute. The study also investigates the detection of microplastics (MPs) in the air using fluorescence microscopy. Concentrations of detected MPs particles showed no connection to PM pollution. Validations with more established techniques like micro-FTIR or Raman spectroscopy are recommended, as the proposed method is a cost-effective option for financially constrained laboratories. A key contribution of this study is the placement of the sampler adjacent to the water reservoir, the island's primary source of drinking water. Understanding potential pollution sources is vital for maintaining water quality. Continuation of monitoring at this site is essential to assess whether episodes of poor air quality are isolated incidents or linked to long-term pollution sources.