Wireless detection of dual prostate cancer biomarkers using ferrocenecarboxylic acid-functionalized mesoporous carbon nanospheres without electrode modifications

Abstract

To enhance the accuracy of early prostate cancer diagnosis, we developed an electrochemical sensor based on synthesized mesoporous carbon nanospheres functionalized with ferrocenecarboxylic acid and encapsulated hemoglobin (HMCNs-FCA-Hb). This sensor enables the simultaneous detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and sarcosine (SAR) as dual biomarkers. Unlike traditional electrochemical detection methods that frequently necessitate multiple electrode modifications, our sensor operates without the need for such modifications, thereby significantly simplifying the detection process. Under alkaline conditions, HMCNs-FCA-Hb can release ferrocenecarboxylic acid to generate an electrical signal for PSA detection. The linear range for PSA detection is from 0.001 to 30 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.11 pg mL⁻¹ (S/N = 3). Additionally, HMCNs-FCA-Hb with excellent peroxidase-like activity allows for indirect detection of SAR with the linear range of 0.01–25 μM and a detection limit of 0.003 μM (S/N = 3). Specifically, we have integrated a micro electrochemical workstation and mobile smart devices to achieve portable and wireless detection of PSA and SAR in clinical serum samples with satisfactory results. The results can be visually and promptly displayed, highlighting the sensor's potential for clinical application in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.