Visualization of ultrasonic fields in cleaning tank by patterns of sol-gel coatings

IF 2.3 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06701-z

Hongwei Yan, Ke Yang, Taixiang Liu, Changpeng Li, Lin Huang, Lin Yao, Zhuo Zhang, Yujie Qian

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

A new method has been developed which can visually display the effect of ultrasonic field in cleaning process. Using colloidal nanoparticles, sol-gel coatings were prepared and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in water. It was found that periodic patterns appeared in the optical images of the sol-gel coatings. The results from the transmission spectra and atomic force microscopy images demonstrated that the periodic patterns were attributed to the partial removal of the sol-gel coatings. The removal amount of sol-gel coating reflected the spatial distribution of acoustic field in the ultrasonic cleaning tank. A mechanism for the removal of coating composed of nanoparticles was proposed based on experimental observations. In the initial stage, cavitation played a main role in detaching coating, while in the later stage, the movement of cavitation bubbles accelerated coating removal.

Graphical abstract

The graphical abstract shows the optical image of the double-layer silica coating as coated, where color variations in different areas are due to the non-uniformity of the film thickness. After being ultrasonically cleaned at 980 kHz, the optical image clearly shows periodic alternating stripes. The stripe and lattice in the figure reflect the spatial distribution of the acoustic field, with the periodic lattice suggesting the formation of a stable standing wave field in the cleaning tank. The double-layer silica coating was prepared from two silica sols labeled as Sols A and B. TEM images of the colloidal particles shows the Sol A used for the bottom layer of the double-layer coating has an average particle size of approximately 14 nm. And the Sol B used for the top layer of the double-layer coating has an average particle size of approximately 12 nm. The TEM image of the double-layer coating reveals that the double-layer structure has a clear interface between the bottom and top layers. The AFM image of the coating after megasonic cleaning reveals larger pits and through groove. The largest pit has depth of 100 nm and width of 4 μm, while the through groove has depth of 100 nm and maximum width of 6 μm. The profile curve along the white line reveals that there are consistent depths between large pits and grooves.

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用溶胶-凝胶涂层的图形显示清洗槽内的超声场

提出了一种能直观显示超声场在清洗过程中的效果的新方法。利用胶体纳米颗粒制备溶胶-凝胶涂层，并在水中进行超声波清洗。发现溶胶-凝胶涂层的光学图像中出现周期性图案。透射光谱和原子力显微镜图像的结果表明，这些周期性图案归因于部分溶胶-凝胶涂层的去除。溶胶-凝胶涂层的去除率反映了超声清洗槽内声场的空间分布。在实验观察的基础上，提出了纳米颗粒涂层的去除机理。在初始阶段，空化对涂层的剥离起主要作用，而在后期，空化气泡的运动加速了涂层的剥离。图形摘要显示了双层二氧化硅涂层的光学图像，其中不同区域的颜色变化是由于薄膜厚度的不均匀性造成的。经980 kHz超声清洗后，光学图像清晰地显示周期性交替条纹。图中的条纹和点阵反映了声场的空间分布，周期性点阵表示清洗槽内形成了稳定的驻波场。双层二氧化硅涂层由两种二氧化硅溶胶（分别标记为溶胶A和b）制备而成。胶体粒子的TEM图像显示，用于双层涂层底层的溶胶A平均粒径约为14 nm。用于双层涂层顶层的溶胶B的平均粒径约为12 nm。双层涂层的TEM图像表明，双层结构在底层和顶层之间具有清晰的界面。超声清洗后涂层的AFM图像显示出较大的凹坑和通槽。最大凹坑深度为100 nm，宽度为4 μm；通槽深度为100 nm，最大宽度为6 μm。沿白线的轮廓曲线显示，大凹坑和凹槽之间的深度一致。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.