Modified bentonite loaded with nonmetal doped titanium dioxide for the removal of heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater

IF 2.3 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06683-y

Smitha Venu Sreekala, Anu Sreeja Pramod, Athulya Parola, Jayasooryan Kazhuthuttil Kochu, Resmi Thoppil Ramakrishnan

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Abstract

A facile, low-cost, and eco-friendly method for treating wastewater containing heavy metals and dyes has been developed in the present work. The novel integrated photocatalyst adsorbent system was successfully synthesized from natural bentonite encompassing delamination of the clay layers and an in-situ sol-gel process to load non-metal-doped titanium dioxide on the clay layers. The nanocomposite system thus synthesized was subjected to calcination at 500 °C. Nitrogen doping of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the modified nanocomposite system was enabled via chitosan precursor addition. The structural, morphological, and functional features of the synthesized nanocomposites were further evaluated using different characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, UV-visible spectral analysis, X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Surface Area (BET) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis, and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) analysis. The nanocomposite was then tested for its efficiency in the degradation of an organic dye, methylene blue, and for the adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cu) from model-contaminated water. A high photocatalytic efficiency of 93% was achieved by the nanocomposite when tested against aqueous methylene blue dye (10^-5 M) under UV light for about 1 h. The adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite in removing Cu²⁺ ions from model-contaminated water was found to be 13.82 mg g^-1 at optimal conditions of pH 6.0, initial concentration of 10 ppm, and adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g. The photocatalytic efficiency and adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite towards the removal of dyes and heavy metal ions from water could be attributed to the small size of the nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles ( ~ 7 nm) in the nanocomposite which provides an enhanced surface area of 131.2 m²g^-1. Thus, the study validates the potential of a modified bentonite system loaded with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide for wastewater treatment via photocatalysis or adsorption processes.

Graphical Abstract

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非金属掺杂二氧化钛改性膨润土去除废水中的重金属离子和染料

本研究开发了一种处理含重金属和染料废水的简便、低成本和生态友好型方法。新型集成光催化剂吸附剂系统由天然膨润土成功合成，包括粘土层的分层和在粘土层上负载非金属掺杂的二氧化钛的原位溶胶-凝胶过程。由此合成的纳米复合材料系统在 500 °C 下进行煅烧。通过添加壳聚糖前驱体，在改性纳米复合材料体系中实现了二氧化钛纳米粒子的氮掺杂。利用不同的表征技术，如傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析、紫外-可见光谱分析、X 射线衍射分析（XRD）、X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析、布鲁诺-艾美特-泰勒表面积（BET）分析、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析和原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）分析，进一步评估了合成纳米复合材料的结构、形态和功能特征。然后测试了纳米复合材料在降解有机染料亚甲基蓝和吸附模型污染水中的重金属离子（Cu）方面的效率。在紫外光照射下，纳米复合材料对亚甲蓝染料（10-5 M）的光催化效率高达 93%；在 pH 值为 6.0、初始浓度为 10 ppm、吸附剂用量为 0.05 g 的最佳条件下，纳米复合材料去除模型污染水中 Cu2+ 离子的吸附容量为 13.82 mg g-1。纳米复合材料去除水中染料和重金属离子的光催化效率和吸附能力可归因于纳米复合材料中掺氮二氧化钛纳米颗粒的尺寸较小（约 7 nm），从而提供了 131.2 m2g-1 的增强表面积。因此，该研究验证了负载掺氮二氧化钛的改性膨润土系统通过光催化或吸附过程处理废水的潜力。

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.