MXene-enabled interfaces and architectures for high-performance zinc anodes in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for safe, low-cost energy storage, but the zinc metal anodes suffer from dendrite formation, side reactions, and limited cycling stability. MXenes – a family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides – have attracted great interest in addressing these challenges due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and structural versatility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in MXene-based anodes for AZIBs. This review discussed material advancements, including MXene host structures (2D films and 3D frameworks), surface functionalization and composite coatings, as well as their roles in suppressing zinc dendrites and improving battery performance. This review then examined how these MXene-integrated anodes enhance key performance metrics such as cyclic stability, rate capability, and Coulombic efficiency. Potential applications enabled by MXene anodes – from flexible and wearable AZIBs to high-capacity and zinc-free designs – are also explored. Three summary tables are included to concisely highlight the progress in materials, performance, and application demonstrations. Finally, this review outlines the remaining challenges and future opportunities, underscoring the pivotal role of MXene-based anodes in advancing next-generation AZIB technologies.