Sustainable Combination of Waste with Waste: Utilization of Biomass to Recover Critical Metals from Spent Lithium ion Batteries

Abstract

The generation of e-waste from lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is rapidly increasing due to the rising utilization of LIBs in portable electronics, and electric vehicles, with an average life span of 3–5 years. The disposal of spent LIBs is a major environmental concern due to the presence of high percentages of toxic heavy metals and corrosive electrolytes. Efficient and sustainable recycling of spent LIBs has become immensely important, both environmentally and from a circular economy perspective, as LIBs serve as secondary sources of critical metals needed for renewable energy conversion and storage systems. We provide a concise review of metal recovery from spent LIBs using waste biomass in a green and sustainable approach for resource generation, in addition to the valorization of waste biomass. Biomass is used to recover metals from spent LIBs, acting as lixivient, reductant, and as absorbent. We have also discussed a reverse strategy utilizing ‘black mass’ from spent LIBs as catalyst for biomass conversion to value-added products. The concept of “circular economy” is highlighted in a “killing two birds with one stone” approach through the utilization of biomass for the recovery of metals from spent LIBs and vice versa.