Sustainable lipid extraction: green solvents and hydrotalcite as alternatives to conventional methods for measuring fatty acids in fat, oil and grease†

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI:10.1039/d5gc00515a

Anika Amir Mohana , Felicity Roddick , Selvakannan Periasamy , Li Gao , Biplob Kumar Pramanik

{"title":"Sustainable lipid extraction: green solvents and hydrotalcite as alternatives to conventional methods for measuring fatty acids in fat, oil and grease†","authors":"Anika Amir Mohana , Felicity Roddick , Selvakannan Periasamy , Li Gao , Biplob Kumar Pramanik","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00515a","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits, commonly found in urban wastewater systems, primarily originate from food service establishments, households and industrial activities. These deposits consist predominantly of fatty acids (FA) and present significant challenges for wastewater management. Accurate measurement of FA within these deposits is essential for designing targeted solutions that can effectively prevent FOG accumulation, thereby mitigating wastewater management challenges. Traditional extraction methods for measuring FA concentration, such as using <em>n</em>-hexane and dichloromethane, not only pose environmental and health hazards but also tend to overestimate FA content due to inadequate separation from other lipid components. This study introduces a novel green solvent-based method for FA separation and quantification from FOG deposits, utilizing <span>d</span>-limonene, <em>p</em>-cymene, and methyl tetrahydrofuran and provides a comparative analysis against conventional methods, including Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 996.06, transesterification, and the hexane extractable material method. A double extraction method employing hydrotalcite and NH<sub>4</sub>OH achieved 99% FA purity, as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, avoiding the overestimation seen in conventional methods that fail to separate FAs from other lipids. <span>d</span>-Limonene extracted a total FA content of around 97% which is much lower than the 128% obtained through transesterification. This difference is attributed to transesterification's conversion of both FAs and glycerides into fatty acid methyl esters, leading to an overestimation of the FA content. Notably, <span>d</span>-limonene demonstrated superior selectivity for saturated fatty acids (SFAs), extracting 51.1% SFAs outperforming <em>n</em>-hexane (47.9%), AOAC 996.06 (30.5%), and transesterification (32.4%). With a high lipid extraction efficiency of 98.3% and reduced environmental impact, <span>d</span>-limonene offers a more accurate and sustainable approach to FA quantification, underscoring its potential as a viable solvent for FOG analysis and improved wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 16","pages":"Pages 4222-4234"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Green Chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S1463926225002122","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits, commonly found in urban wastewater systems, primarily originate from food service establishments, households and industrial activities. These deposits consist predominantly of fatty acids (FA) and present significant challenges for wastewater management. Accurate measurement of FA within these deposits is essential for designing targeted solutions that can effectively prevent FOG accumulation, thereby mitigating wastewater management challenges. Traditional extraction methods for measuring FA concentration, such as using n-hexane and dichloromethane, not only pose environmental and health hazards but also tend to overestimate FA content due to inadequate separation from other lipid components. This study introduces a novel green solvent-based method for FA separation and quantification from FOG deposits, utilizing d-limonene, p-cymene, and methyl tetrahydrofuran and provides a comparative analysis against conventional methods, including Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 996.06, transesterification, and the hexane extractable material method. A double extraction method employing hydrotalcite and NH₄OH achieved 99% FA purity, as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, avoiding the overestimation seen in conventional methods that fail to separate FAs from other lipids. d-Limonene extracted a total FA content of around 97% which is much lower than the 128% obtained through transesterification. This difference is attributed to transesterification's conversion of both FAs and glycerides into fatty acid methyl esters, leading to an overestimation of the FA content. Notably, d-limonene demonstrated superior selectivity for saturated fatty acids (SFAs), extracting 51.1% SFAs outperforming n-hexane (47.9%), AOAC 996.06 (30.5%), and transesterification (32.4%). With a high lipid extraction efficiency of 98.3% and reduced environmental impact, d-limonene offers a more accurate and sustainable approach to FA quantification, underscoring its potential as a viable solvent for FOG analysis and improved wastewater management.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

可持续的脂质提取：用绿色溶剂和氢铝酸盐替代传统方法测量脂肪、油和油脂中的脂肪酸†。

脂肪、油和油脂（FOG）沉积物常见于城市污水系统，主要来自食品服务机构、家庭和工业活动。这些沉积物主要由脂肪酸（FA）组成，对废水管理提出了重大挑战。准确测量这些沉积物中的FA对于设计有针对性的解决方案至关重要，这些解决方案可以有效地防止FOG积累，从而减轻废水管理方面的挑战。传统的FA浓度提取方法，如使用正己烷和二氯甲烷，不仅对环境和健康有害，而且由于与其他脂质成分分离不足，容易高估FA含量。本研究介绍了一种新型的绿色溶剂法，利用d -柠檬烯、对花香烃和甲基四氢呋喃从FOG沉积物中分离和定量FA，并与传统的方法进行了比较分析，包括美国官方分析化学家协会（AOAC） 996.06、酯交换法和己烷可提取材料法。核磁共振波谱证实，采用水滑石和NH4OH的双重提取方法获得了99%的FA纯度，避免了传统方法中无法从其他脂类中分离FAs的过高估计。d -柠檬烯提取的总FA含量约为97%，远低于酯交换法得到的128%。这种差异归因于酯交换反应将脂肪酸和甘油酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯，导致对脂肪酸含量的高估。值得注意的是，d -柠檬烯对饱和脂肪酸（sfa）的选择性较好，达到51.1%，优于正己烷（47.9%）、AOAC 996.06（30.5%）和酯交换反应（32.4%）。d -柠檬烯具有高达98.3%的脂质提取效率和更低的环境影响，为FA定量提供了更准确和可持续的方法，强调了其作为FOG分析和改善废水管理的可行溶剂的潜力。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Green Chemistry 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

16.10

自引率

7.10%

发文量

677

审稿时长

1.4 months

期刊介绍： Green Chemistry is a journal that provides a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative green and sustainable technologies. The scope of Green Chemistry is based on the definition proposed by Anastas and Warner (Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, P T Anastas and J C Warner, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998), which defines green chemistry as the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green Chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The journal welcomes submissions on all aspects of research relating to this endeavor and publishes original and significant cutting-edge research that is likely to be of wide general appeal. For a work to be published, it must present a significant advance in green chemistry, including a comparison with existing methods and a demonstration of advantages over those methods.