Applying Monte Carlo simulation to assess health risks of potentially toxic elements in fruits and nuts grown in the capital of Iran

IF 3.9 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115431

Maryam Hydarian , Azadeh Kazemi , Zohreh Ahmadi , Afsane Chavoshani , Elaheh Ghanbari , Ali Kazemi , Amin Mohammadpour

{"title":"Applying Monte Carlo simulation to assess health risks of potentially toxic elements in fruits and nuts grown in the capital of Iran","authors":"Maryam Hydarian , Azadeh Kazemi , Zohreh Ahmadi , Afsane Chavoshani , Elaheh Ghanbari , Ali Kazemi , Amin Mohammadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115431","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated harmful elements (PHEs) in three fruits (figs, oranges, persimmons) and two nuts (walnuts, hazelnuts) grown in Tehran, Iran, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate health risks. The results showed that chromium (Cr) exceeded the 0.1 mg/kg standard in walnuts (mean = 6.15 mg/kg) and figs (mean = 5.23 mg/kg). Copper (Cu) surpassed 2 mg/kg in all produce except figs. Arsenic (As) exceeded the standard in walnuts, persimmons, and oranges, while cadmium (Cd) surpassed the limit only in persimmons. Iron (Fe) levels were significantly high, peaking in persimmons (mean = 71.79 mg/kg). Lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) exceeded safety limits in all samples, while barium (Ba) was the most abundant metal, especially in hazelnuts and oranges. The correlation and clustering analysis indicated that the sources of PHEs may be influenced by a combination of agricultural practices, atmospheric transport, traffic emissions, historical pollution, and natural background levels. Monte Carlo simulation results show Pb poses the highest non-carcinogenic risk for children (TTHQ<sub>50th</sub>: 12.56) and adults (TTHQ<sub>50th</sub>: 5.62). Ni presents the highest carcinogenic risk (TCR<sub>50th</sub>: 1.58E-03 for children, 3.50E-03 for adults. Hence, urgent monitoring of PHEs in local produce is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 115431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691525001991","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study investigated harmful elements (PHEs) in three fruits (figs, oranges, persimmons) and two nuts (walnuts, hazelnuts) grown in Tehran, Iran, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate health risks. The results showed that chromium (Cr) exceeded the 0.1 mg/kg standard in walnuts (mean = 6.15 mg/kg) and figs (mean = 5.23 mg/kg). Copper (Cu) surpassed 2 mg/kg in all produce except figs. Arsenic (As) exceeded the standard in walnuts, persimmons, and oranges, while cadmium (Cd) surpassed the limit only in persimmons. Iron (Fe) levels were significantly high, peaking in persimmons (mean = 71.79 mg/kg). Lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) exceeded safety limits in all samples, while barium (Ba) was the most abundant metal, especially in hazelnuts and oranges. The correlation and clustering analysis indicated that the sources of PHEs may be influenced by a combination of agricultural practices, atmospheric transport, traffic emissions, historical pollution, and natural background levels. Monte Carlo simulation results show Pb poses the highest non-carcinogenic risk for children (TTHQ_50th: 12.56) and adults (TTHQ_50th: 5.62). Ni presents the highest carcinogenic risk (TCR_50th: 1.58E-03 for children, 3.50E-03 for adults. Hence, urgent monitoring of PHEs in local produce is essential.

查看原文本刊更多论文

应用蒙特卡罗模拟评估在伊朗首都种植的水果和坚果中潜在有毒元素的健康风险

本研究调查了伊朗德黑兰种植的三种水果（无花果、橘子、柿子）和两种坚果（核桃、榛子）中的有害元素（PHEs），使用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）来评估健康风险。结果表明，核桃（平均6.15 mg/kg）和无花果（平均5.23 mg/kg）中铬超标0.1 mg/kg。除无花果外，所有农产品的铜含量均超过每公斤2毫克。核桃、柿子、橙子中砷（As）超标，而镉（Cd）仅在柿子中超标。铁（Fe）含量显著高，柿子最高（平均为71.79 mg/kg）。铅（Pb）、锰（Mn）和汞（Hg）在所有样品中都超过了安全限度，而钡（Ba）是含量最高的金属，尤其是在榛子和橙子中。相关分析和聚类分析表明，污染源可能受到农业实践、大气运输、交通排放、历史污染和自然背景水平的综合影响。蒙特卡罗模拟结果显示，Pb对儿童（tthq50: 12.56）和成人（tthq50: 5.62）具有最高的非致癌风险。Ni具有最高的致癌风险（tcr50：儿童1.58E-03，成人3.50E-03）。因此，紧急监测当地农产品中的持久性有机污染物至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.