Investigating the cognitive enhancement effects of multisensory VR reminiscence therapy on older adults: Analyzing the impact of sensory combinations

Abstract

As individuals age, sensory functions and cognitive abilities decline, particularly in spatial positioning, detailed memory, and time sequencing, which significantly affect daily life. While VR has been used for cognitive training, most systems rely primarily on visual stimuli, with limited integration of multiple sensory modalities. Consequently, the specific benefits and interactions of multisensory stimulation with cognitive functions in older adults remain unclear.

This study examines the effects of multisensory VR stimulation compared to visual-only VR on older adults' spatial positioning, detailed memory, and time sequencing. We developed a culturally relevant VR experience based on traditional Taiwanese agricultural life, integrating visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory stimuli to evoke emotional memories and stimulate cognitive function.

Thirty older adults (65–75 years) were recruited and divided into two groups through a structured allocation process. The experimental group (n = 15) used the multisensory VR system, while the control group (n = 15) used the visual-only VR system. Allocation was balanced based on age, cognitive ability (HDS-R scores), and other relevant factors to maintain internal validity.

After four stages of reminiscence-based cognitive training, participant performance was assessed using the Comprehensive Cognitive Ability Test Questionnaire, the Cognitive Function Recall Effectiveness Scale, and the Multisensory Stimulation and Cognitive Rule Correspondence Assessment Scale. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in spatial positioning, detailed memory, and time sequencing. These findings highlight the impact of different sensory combinations on cognitive functions, emphasizing the role of multisensory integration in cognitive enhancement among older adults.