Green Formulation, Chemical Characterization, and Neuroprotective Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Containing Panax ginseng Extract on the Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model

Abstract

After an ischemic stroke, mechanical recanalization or thrombolysis restores blood flow. Reperfusion, however, may worsen the ischemia-induced harm in certain people, resulting in cerebral reperfusion injury. This damage is caused by a number of pathogenic events, including complement and platelet activation, postischemic hyperperfusion, leukocyte infiltration, and blood–brain barrier disruption. The world's top research goal is developing a new therapeutic medication for stroke. Integrating nanoscience and medicine is essential as the nanorevolution develops. The creation of biogenic technologies for the production of sophisticated nanomaterials is the result of the secret discovered in nature. The current study reveals that the leaves of the pharmacologically significant Panax ginseng plant are capable of biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles. A quick, economical, one-step synthesis procedure has been accomplished. FTIR, EDX, XRD, FE-SEM, DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to analyze newly developed silver nanoparticles. The middle cerebral artery was blocked for 1.5 h and then reperfused for 48 h to cause cerebral ischemia–reperfusion damage in rats. Before the ischemia–reperfusion, the animals were given intravenous injections of nanoparticles at doses of 15, 30, 60, and 120 μg/kg once a day for 3 days in a row. The infarct volume, serum lactate dehydrogenase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, learning and memory function, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation into the cerebral parenchyma were evaluated as the cell damage index. Rats' cerebral ischemic stroke-reperfusion damage was shown to be protected by pretreatment with AgNPs. Learning and memory impairments brought on by an ischemic stroke-reperfusion damage were prevented by pretreatment with AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles also significantly blocked the extravasation of IgG and decreased the infarct volume and can be used as a new drug for the treatment of stroke after doing the clinical trial studies.