Bronze sodium tungsten precipitation synthesis and lithium intercalation

IF 2.6 4区化学 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI:10.1007/s10008-024-06110-2

Tiago A. Martins, Roger Gonçalves, L. Cabral, Thales Rafael Machado, Robert da Silva Paiva, Roman Alvarez Roca, Ernesto Chaves Pereira, Miguel A. San-Miguel, E. Z. da Silva, E. Longo

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Abstract

Hexagonal sodium tungsten bronze (h-Na_xWO_3+x/2·yH₂O) nanorods were obtained by simple acid precipitation in 16 min at 97 °C, evidencing the saving of time and energy. The W-OH₂ modes were observed in Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to confirm the presence of structural water. The h-Na_xWO_3+x/2·yH₂O was subjected to heat treatment at 300 °C to analyze the effects of heating on the material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) indicated the occurrence of diffusion on the surface-bulk of Na⁺ ions, and the band gap changed from 2.7 eV to 2.4 eV with heating. Electrochromic devices based on h-Na_xWO_3+x/2·yH₂O were constructed. The sample without heat treatment and with structural water loss presented the electrochromic efficiency of 127.5 cm²/C and 561.8 cm²/C, respectively, evidencing the creation of vacancies for the intercalation of lithium ions from heat treatment. Also, density functional theory calculations were performed to study the lithium diffusion process in the interstitial Na-WO₆ channels of sodium tungsten bronze.

Graphical abstract

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铜钨钠沉淀合成及锂嵌入

在97°C条件下，通过酸沉淀法在16 min内得到了六方钨铜钠（h-NaxWO3+x/2·yH2O）纳米棒，节省了时间和能量。在拉曼和傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱中观察到W-OH2模式，以证实结构水的存在。对h-NaxWO3+x/2·yH2O进行300℃热处理，分析加热对材料的影响。x射线光电子能谱（XPS）和漫反射紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）表明Na+离子在体表面发生扩散，带隙随加热从2.7 eV变化到2.4 eV。构建了基于h-NaxWO3+x/2·yH2O的电致变色器件。未经热处理和结构失水样品的电致变色效率分别为127.5 cm2/C和561.8 cm2/C，表明热处理为锂离子的插入创造了空位。通过密度泛函理论计算，研究了锂离子在钨青铜钠间隙Na-WO6通道中的扩散过程。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 工程技术-电化学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

4.00%

发文量

227

审稿时长

4.1 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry is devoted to all aspects of solid-state chemistry and solid-state physics in electrochemistry. The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry publishes papers on all aspects of electrochemistry of solid compounds, including experimental and theoretical, basic and applied work. It equally publishes papers on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions if at least one actively participating phase is solid. Also of interest are articles on the transport of ions and electrons in solids whenever these processes are relevant to electrochemical reactions and on the use of solid-state electrochemical reactions in the analysis of solids and their surfaces. The journal covers solid-state electrochemistry and focusses on the following fields: mechanisms of solid-state electrochemical reactions, semiconductor electrochemistry, electrochemical batteries, accumulators and fuel cells, electrochemical mineral leaching, galvanic metal plating, electrochemical potential memory devices, solid-state electrochemical sensors, ion and electron transport in solid materials and polymers, electrocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, corrosion of solid materials, solid-state electroanalysis, electrochemical machining of materials, electrochromism and electrochromic devices, new electrochemical solid-state synthesis. The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry makes the professional in research and industry aware of this swift progress and its importance for future developments and success in the above-mentioned fields.